Лингвофорум

My goal and ambition when constructing Fi is to propose several ideas to the conlanger community.

Go on! What kind of help are you looking for?

I am preparing a presentation of my conlang here: https://conlang.fandom.com/wiki/Fi.

That is, the help I need is threefold: to correct my presentation from the linguistic point of view, to correct the sequence of adherence to the plan and, of course, to correct my English so that it is understandable.

	Fi
Type	Analitic
Morphosyntactic alignment	Neutral
Head direction	Final
Tonal	3 syntactic tones
Declensions	No obligatory  paradigms
Conjugations	No obligatory  paradigms
Grammatical classes	11

Introduction
epigraph

The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables into one, and leaving out verbs and participles, because in reality all things imaginable are but nouns. JONATHAN SWIFT Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver, 1st a Surgeon and then a Captain of Several Ships

Fi is a language model under construction. It must be consistently described for my understanding of how languages work. Currently the model only works on simple sentences and is evolving towards sentences of medium complexity. Fi is created on //lingvoforum.net and includes ideas from its members.

Phonology
Phonemes and prosodic differences are the shortest elements of language that can be distinguished. The sounds of  Fi are pronounced as in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Phonology is sufficient for borrowing international vocabulary. I would prefer that the roots remain unchanged where they join. Unfortunately, I will have to describe these oral and written changes twice.

Consonants

Place → Manner ↓	Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	p b	t d		k g	(ʔ)
Fricative	f	s			h
Approximant	w	l	j
Trill		r

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Syllables are the shortest elements that can be pronounced. In the Fi conlang, there are no prosodic distinctions at the level of syllables.

Conlang Fi is primarily an oral language. The left column describes pronunciation	The right column describes the spelling and provides written examples
Syllables have the structure (C)V(S), where (C) is an optional initial cluster; V – vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/; (S) - allowed codas: /i̯/, /l/, /n/, /r/, /s/, /u̯/.	Roots from one vowel are: i, e, a, o, u. The similarity of consonants /j/, /w/ and non-syllabic vowels /i̯/, /u̯/ requires an additional rule: - non-syllabic /j/, /w/ before vowel are written j, w. For example,  je, jes, jo, ju, tja, tje, wen, wi, wo, we; - non-syllabic /i̯/, /u̯/ after vowel are written i, u. For example, eu, pau, hau, hoi, bau, ei, dau
There cannot be two sonants in a coda, but there can be two syllables	baun /ˌbaˑ.un./, beun /ˌbeˑ.un/, daun /ˌdaˑ.un/, fail /ˌfaˑ.il/, gois /ˌgoˑ.is/, lais /ˌlaˑ.is/, tain /ˌtaˑ.in/, laus /ˌlaˑ.us/, poin /ˌpoˑ.in/,  etc

Roots and stress
A root is a minimally significant segment of speech. In Fi, the root consists of whole syllables and one stress. Stress is not an absolute characteristic of a syllable, but relative to neighboring syllables.

In Fi, the root is the only type of morpheme	For example, here are roots from one syllable: mi, es, ta, go, la, ne, tu, en, ho, nos, pos, ha, di, ku, al, no, sa, ba, er, po, ri, me, nal, ra, hi, nu, on, ir, du, ol, da, is, in, mu, fa, jar, tri, ka, pen, as, si, etc.
One of the root syllables has a secondary dynamic stress: /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/. The remaining syllables are unstressed: /(C)V(S)/	In free-standing roots, the stress on the first syllable is not indicated. For example, kuho, minus, deka, kuli, esfa, basu, etc. The apostrophe (') is written before the non first secondary stressed syllable. For example, еn'ku, еn'ta, еn'hi, ti'ku, ha'mi, ha'tu, ti'es, ti'ne, su'karta, ne'mi, no'on, no'du, etc.

The vocabulary is mixed: a priori and a posteriori. First, the basic frequency roots were invented by averaging the roots of several languages, almost all monosyllabic. Secondly, many roots are freely borrowed and adapted to phonology. Thirdly, roots are formed by simplifying frequency words.

Words and intonation
A word consists of one or more roots. The word is an actual member of the sentence: topic or comment.

The word is marked by a pause before it and the intensification of one of its stressed syllables /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/ to primary stress /ˈ(C)Vː(S)/. The part of a word beginning with a stressed root is called an actant. The part of the word before the stressed root is a predicate. The topic word is pronounced without intonation,	The roots of the word are written separately. The syllable with primary stress is written with a capital letter. For example: noFi, Internati foneti alfabes, Aktual par o'senten, studiEnglis (no and  studi are predocates)
the comment word - with intonation.  Primary stress and intonation are markers of predicativity. Rising intonation /˨˦/ differs interrogative comment;	After the word with rising intonation, a question mark (?) is written. For example: Eu? (Is it) OK? Alu? (Are you) healthy?
Descending intonation /˥˦/ differs affirmative comment;	After the falling intonation there is a dot (.). For example: Eu. Thanks (liteally: Fine!). Alu. (Yes, I'm) healthy
Flat high tone /꜓/ differs incentive comment	After flat high intonation there is an exclamation mark (!). For example: Eu! Please! (literally: Be kind) Alu! Hello! (literally: Be healthy)

Parts of the sentence
The root acts as different parts of a sentence depending on its place in the word.

Attribute is non-final root of actant	Translation: Atribus neFin radi o'aktan (neFin and o'aktan are attributes)
Head of actant is its final root(s)	Translation: Aktan kapu Si fin radi(i)  (kapu and fin radi(i) are heads of actants)
Adverbial modifier is non-final root of predicate	For example: goenTeraa Lingu on; E dialeis on. (go is adverbial modifier) The whole earth had one language and one dialect.
Head of predicate is its final root(s)	For example: diOstu hoi lawi enSenaria plas; e laguTa  (en and gu are heads of predicate). Moving from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.

Within Fi, the root is a semantic frame, but one root of Fi can correspond to four translations into another language. To make it easier to remember translations, it is convenient to combine the roots into 12 hierarchies headed by hyperonyms. Hierarchies differ in the objects that are possible for the root as a predicate.


Compound sentence

Homogeneous members of the sentence (definitions, actants, circumstances, predicates) are separated by pauses (in writing - commas), and the last homogeneous member begins with attributes:

e and

al or

etc.


Complex sentence

To use a simple sentence as a subordinate, it is simplified to a word.

Attributive combination of roots: first a stressed attribute, then without a pause a head of actant	The root /o/ in the role of a preposition changes the attribute and the head in places	Simple sentence: Topic word (and without an auxiliary verb) Comment word	A subordinate sentence is an attributive combination of roots in the same order as in a simple sentence
Arti lingu /ˌar.ti.lin.gu/ an artificial language	Lingu o'arti /ˌliˑn.gu.oˌaˑr.ti/ the language that is artificial	Lingu Arti. /'liːn.gu 'aːr.ti˥˦/ The language is artificial.	Lingu arti /ˌlin.gu̯aˑr.ti/ artificiality of language = that the language is artificial

Marking with pauses and stress limits the level of relativization. Dependent clauses cannot have their own dependent clauses.

Recursion
Mi gowiEryu o'is'sandwitju o'enun'kase.
I saw the boy who ate the sandwich that had cheese in it

Paragraph (period, dialogue) is several sentences united by one antecedent. The reference function can be performed by:

– last root;

– words si subject, li predicate, un object;

- hyperonyms, for example, er man/ he, in woman/she.

At the paragraph level, the certainty of the antecedent can be expressed. Namely: when it is first mentioned, the indefinite attribute es can be pronounced before it. When repeating, you can emphasize definiteness with the attributes hi or ta.

_______________________

This concludes the description of Fi grammar; ahead is only a consideration of specific roots and examples of their translation.

Hierarchy of quantifiers (in the dictionary, quantifiers are denoted by the sign /i), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
fa	quantitative,	measure/ quantity,	habitually,	amount/ quantity so many pieces
ne	absent,	zero,	never,	without/ not smth
on	whole	one,	once/ only,	one to one / equal to smth
pau	simple,	few,	few times,	a little include smth
du	double,	two,	twice,	two, include smth
i	composite,	mathematical set,	several times/ iteratively,	⊇/ consist of/ made up of units of measurement - pieces
mu	numerous/ complex,	many,	many times,	a lot, include smth
a	every,	all,	always,	all, include smth

(Looking ahead, ordinal numbers are denoted with the predicate no number/ name. For example, no'on the first, no'du the second).

A typical morpheme of the "quantifiers" hierarchy is the morpheme i.
Quantifier as attribute
i - that which consists of several parts, complex, difficult.
i kasu complex case.
i mahin complex mechanism.
i problema complex problem.
i re complex solution.
i plan complex plan.
i harakter complex character.

Quantifier as head of actant
kasu i (group of) cases.
mahini mechanisms/ machines.
problemai problems/ questions/ tasks.
rei solutions/ answers.
plani plans.
harakteri characters.

Quantifier as adverbial modifier
'i ei go several times.
'i go happened several times.

Quantifier as transitive predicate head
la iPar assembled from parts

Hierarchy of analogous qualities (/ol), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
ol	excellent,	masterpiece,	very,	more/ exceed smth/ smb, by smth (when comparing)/ surpass
eu, o'kei	good/ fine/ OK,	well done,	well,	better than smth/ smb/ meet the requirements (of smb)
go	previous/ earlier,	past/ bygone,	was/ were,	as much/ longer than/ earlier than smth
ro	round/ rounded,	circle/ ring/ hoop/ ball,	around/ round,	rounder than smth/ round as smth
ho	human,	he/ she/ person,	humanely,	spare/ care/ more humane than smb
pos	future,	plan,	will,	after/ later than smth/ in (period of time)
bu	become,	become,	become smth/ smb/ turn into smth,	(happen) sooner than smth
as, proses	current,	now/ happening/ currently,	simultaneously,	in the process/ while/ when/ simultaneously with smth
se	old,	old thing/ old man/ old woman,	still,	older than smth/ smb
ti	temporary/ temporal,	time,	temporally,	at the time of/ during smth
jar	annual,	year,	by year/ on an annual basis,	at the year
men	monthly,	month,	by month/ on a monthly basis,	at the month

The comparative and equivalence degrees are not distinguished.


Deictics hierarchy (/mi), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
mi	my,	I,	in my opinion/ to my mind/ to my thinking,	input of direct speech
tu	your,	you,	to you,	be told to do smth
nos	our,	we,	in our opinion,	input of direct speech
res	reciprocal,	they to each other,	reciprocally,	they say to each other

The genitive hierarchy (/o) includes only one root:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
o	changes the definition and the thing defined in places,	suffix of the priority of the connection of the previous roots,	separator of the subject and unstressed definition,	inseparably relate to something

Ablative hierarchy (/di). The source is the starting point of the movement; the stimulus is the source of perceptions. For example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
di	outgoing/ derivative/ ablative,	(postal) item,	departing,	out of source
el, djen	elative,	exit,	elatively,	from the inside of source
wi	sighted,	spectator/ witness/ eyewitness/ observer,	obviously,	see/ look/ watch stimulus
au	sound/ hearing,	hearing,	by ear,	hear/ listen to stimulus
na	sniffing,	sniff,	with nose,	snuff stimulus
sen	sensitive/ attentive/ responsive/ alert,	sensor/ guard,	attentive/ wary,	sens/ feel stimulus
gus	tasting,	tasting,	tasting,	taste stimulus

Dative hierarchy (/u). The addressee is a recipient of a message; the beneficiary is a participant whose interests are affected in a process of implementing a situation (receives benefit or harm); the goal is a final point of a movement; the experiencer is a bearer of feelings and perceptions. For example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
bau	informational,	informant/ source,	substantive,	notify/ inform to an addressee
dau	supplying/ transferring,	giver/ supplier/ donor/ sponsor/patron,	supplying/ transferring/ as a gift,	give to an addressee (beneficiary)
ha	personal/ private,	property,	personally,	belong to/ relate to a beneficiary
u	directed,	flow/ vector,	directed,	towards/ current towards/ to a goal
ei	walking/ moving/ mobile,	pedestrian/ transport,	mobile,	go to a goal
es	∃/ <indefinite article>/ some/ real,	exist/ manifest itself/ something/ indefinite personal pronoun,	obviously/ really,	influence/ be to/ reveal itself to an experiencer

Thematic hierarchy (/da). The theme is an object acted upon but does not change its state. For  example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
ba	conversational,	speaker/ lecturer/ orator/ voice,	verbally,	speak/tell/ talk/ say smth/ about a theme
da	exchange/ mutual,	giving,	mutually,	give a theme
e	and/ additional,	supplement,	again/ also,	plus/ with a theme
nal, ludu	playing,	performer/ play,	as if/ as if/ as if/ supposedly,	pretend to be/ play the role of a theme

Patiental hierarchy (/ra). The patient is a participant who undergoes significant changes (outcome).  For example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
la	active past participle/ completed/ perfective,	result/ outcome,	finally,	get a patient as a result
li	repetition of the predicate as an attribute,	repetition of the predicate as an actant,	repetition of the predicate as an adverbial modifier,	is an objective predicate
no	nominal/ ordinal/ named/ with index,	name/ proper name/ title/ number,	namely/ nominally,	call/ name/ number/ by what name/ what number/ is named after a patient
ra	working/ trade,	producer/ worker/ manufacturer,	with difficulty,	try for the sake of/ make an effort for/ do/ make/ make/ cause to be a patient
ri	⇒/ if/ aimed/ favorable,	reason,	specifically,	so that/ with the purpose of/ in order to/ increase the probability of/ contribute to smth/ risk/ increase the probability of a patient

Agental hierarchy (/un). An agent is the animate initiator and controller of an action; a cause; a force or natural cause that unconsciously produces an action, for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
hi	indicated/ here/ this,	this,	here/ in this case,	is specified/ marked by an agent
ku	what?/ unknown,	who/ what?,	how?,	how is it related to?/how is it connected with?
kus	reasonable,	so/ therefore/ the reason,	reasonably/ therefore,	because/ since/ after all/ because of/ for the reason of/ because a reason
ta	there/ <definite article>/ such,	that,	there/ so/ in the case that,	is is determined/ specified by an agent
un	passive/ passive participle,	object/ repetition of object,	passively/ objectively,	is an object/ at the end of the predicate rearranges actants/ is object to smth

Instrumental hierarchy (/su). The instrument is an inanimate participant that assists an agent in its action, for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
su	instrumental/ auxiliary,	tool/ instrument/ means,	instrumentally/ with the help of smth,	use smth
lingu, basu	linguistic,	language (organ, speech),	language,	speak with smth/ with the help of smth

Locative hierarchy (/en), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
en	internal,	place,	inside,	be somewhere/ in a place
ko	neighboring/ nearby,	neighbor/ nearby,	close,	at/ near a place/ nearby to smth
gu	animate/ alive,	who/ animal,	alive/ by birth/ vitally,	live in a place/ reside/ inhabit where/ inhabit what
noi	night/ nocturnal,	night,	at night,	spend the night in a place
ia	national/ regional/ local,	state/ country/ region/ nation/ locality,	national/ local,	live in a country
uru	urban,	city,	city-style,	live in a city
tra	through/ transitional,	transition/ through,	cross/ through/ across,	through/ across
wia	road/ longitudinal,	path/ road/ route,	longitudinally,	along

a ∀/ any/ every, all, in any case, all including. A lingu every language, Lingu a all languages. ao everything. aho everyone/ everybody. A basuEs Everyone uses some kind of language. a es influences in any case.  hoaMi everyone including me

aa

a'ha uh huh

ai̯ worse, ne'eu̯ more bad

al but/ however/ different, different one, differently, or/ different from/ more different/ not the same as. Hi /'wi/ Aktan. Al /ˌwi/ neAktan. Si Predikas. Here /'wi/ is an actant, but /ˌwi/ is not an actant, it's a predicate. Hi alTa. This or that

ala all others

alfabes alphabet/ ABC. ordo'alfabes in alphabet order. Internati foneti alfabes international phonetic alphabet

ali others, option/ choice/ alternative, differently, selected from

alu white/ light, lighter

an more narrow/ tighter

angu snake

anti, fron, awan front/ frontal, forehead/ hood/ cockpit, preliminary, in front of smth/ before smth

alun choose

ar hand, manage smth

aranea reti spider's web

as, proses current, now  (about the ongoing process)/ happening, / at the same time, in the process/ at the time how/ when/ simultaneously with: Ku?, Proses What's going on? In aseiUrbu She's going to the city. In goas eiUrbu. She was walking into the city

au sound, hearing, by ear, listen/ hear smth

au̯su ear

auto car

ba colloquial, speaker/ lecturer, orally, talk/ tell/ say about

ba'alu greet smb

basu, lingu linguistic, tongue (organ, speech), speak with/ with the help

bau informational, informant/ source, informative, notify/ inform smb

baun іs said

be need / have a need for smth: Mi beJo I need to know

bel beauty/ handsome, beautiful one, beautifully, more beautiful than smth/ smb

ber bring smth

beru bring to smb

beun < be un necessary, even/ including smth

bo sick, a sick person/ disease, have a sick part of body. kaHor hes hu riBo Sleeping less than six hours is dangerous

bu becoming / flock / becoming smth/ smb/ turn (am) into, soon/ immediately, right away (just about, soon), sooner

da exchange, sponsor/ philanthropist/ donor, mutually, give smth

dau give to smb

daun given

de day: de seu seven days. no'seu de seventh day. lunde Monday
marde Tuesday
merkurde Wednesday
joude Thursday
wenude Friday
saturde Saturday
solde Sunday

deka ten

dekis right, right side, on the right, to the right of smth. u'dekis to the right

deteis, lawi find/discover, discovery, discover smth

deu, djabu devilish, devil/ crafty, devilish, seduce smb

di outgoing/ derivative, (postal) item, departing, from. di leter outgoing letter. di'hi from here

djin jeans

do house, building

du double, full two/ pair, twice, two includes.  du kafe double coffee. kafe du two coffees. Hi duEr. This pair includes a man

dur during/ while/ lived, duration, long, last/continue

e, plus and/ additional, addition, also/ in addition/ (once) again, plus/ with smth. E ri besides. du plusOn walTri two plus one equals three. tueMi you and me

ei go to smth; i ei use to go smth

eis external/ outside, exterior, outwardly, outside of smth

eistremu extremal/ extreme, extremum/ limit/ extremist, extreme, be the limit of smth

eskur take an excursion

el from/ of/ off/ out of smth

en internal, place, inside, in/ on/ at smth. enHi Mi here am I. en'es somewhere. еn'hi here. еn'ku where. еn'ta there

enun smth that has smth inside it/ container/ dish

er masculine/ male, he / a man, like a man, the husband of smb / married to smb: Jwan Eu er Ivan is a good man. Hi Er it's a man/ it's him. Jwan Er lara. Ivan acted like a man. Jwan erMari Ivan is Maria's husband

erju boy

es ∃/ some/ real, existing/ something/ somebody/ <indefinite personal pronoun>, clearly/ really/ very, influence smth/ appear to smb. Es projeis a project, Projeis es implementation of the project. tuTa lainEs They say she married smb. Mi Es wo I really want. esKu? So what? (What does it affect?)

esfa several, how much/ some quantity

eu, o'kei good/ feel good, good one, well, better than smth/ worthy/ meet the requirements. Eu? Fine? Eu. Okay/ thank you. Eu! Be kind/ please. Tu fenuEu. You look good. euEr is better than him. eu̯'ala better than all others.Al tu euUn But you are better. pol eu is the best, Hi euMi this suits me. eu'luun worthy of being loved. eu'lausun worthy of gratitude

europa European, Europe, European-style

ewentual obvious

fa quantitative, amount/ quantity, quantitatively, in/per unit of measurement

fail file

fais real, true/ fact, actually, after all/ same

fal quality

famil family, family of smb/ including smb

famu, joun famous/ important

far four

fasil easy, not difficult than  smth

fei waiting, wait, waiting, waiting for smth/ smb

feliku, gai happy/ joyful, happiness/ lucky/ kind, happily, enjoy smth

fi similar/ corresponding, function/ operator/ morphism, instead of/ accordingly, like/ similar to

fil friendly, friend, friendly, be friends with smb / be a friend to smb

fo strong, strongman, strong, stronger than smth

forges forgetful, forgеt, forgetting, forget smth

friun owo fried eggs

gaun throw/ let fly, throwing, throw smth

gekto centenary, one hundred, hundred, hundred of smth

gen parent. geni parents.

general general, more general than  smth

ger hold

german German, German, in German, to be a German for smb: germania Germany

ges get/ receive smth

gi big, giant, a lot, bigger/ more in mass than  smth. Gi i group of giants > Gii giants. Gi ser i big group of stars ~ Mu ser i massive group of stars. Gisero i group of giant stars.

gjala bigger than others

go past/ earlier, past/ former, was, just as/ more ancient than/ before than smth: gogu lived. goenTerraa Lingu on, Dialeis on The whole earth had one language and one dialect. Ta Go That's gone. goba said. gois ate. gowi looked/ watched/ saw. Hi goDe du It was two days ago. In go 'hor koHi. She was here an hour ago. go'as last, the last one. go'as o minutu al last minute decision

gu animate/ alive, who/ animal, alive/ by birth/ vital, live/ dwell in smth/ inhabit smth

ha personal/ private, property, in fact, belonging to smb: Hi Ha this is personal. [/b]Hi a haIn.[/b] It all belongs to her. haKu?, Hi whose is this? haTu libru ashaMi I have your book. ha'mi my. ha'tu your

haha haha

hau, haun rich / possessive, owner / possessor, in a master's manner, have/ own smth. Mi hauAuto I have a car

hes six

hi indicated/ this, this one, here/ in this case, marked with smb: Hi Mi this is me. Mi Hi I'm here. Mi en Hi I'm in this place. hiTu o what you pointed to

hide today

hifa so much

ho that/ human, he/ she/ person/ person of a certain profession/ follower of teaching, humanely, spare smb/ as (and more) humane as smb. Ho sun son of man. aho everyone. hoa that's it. Ho! hoMi! Have mercy! Spare me!

hoi, publi them (inalienable), they/ people, according to them, they include smth

hor lasting an hour, an hour, for an hour/ per hour, how much on the clock: hor'tri at three o'clock

hu sleeping, a sleeper (not a *dream), asleep, see smb/ smth in a dream. kaHor hes hu riBo Sleeping less than six hours is dangerous. Mi wo'hu kusHi ai feli goti'noja ul, E mi gone'poEu hu. I am sleepy because those damn cats were fighting all night and I couldn't sleep well!

i composite/ complex, mathematical set/ <plural>, <iterative>/ use to/ several times, ⊇/ has more or the same elements as/ composed of. I mahin a complicated machine. Mahini machines. I radi complex root, Radii roots. i go happened more than once. la iPar assembled from parts

ia country. italia Italy. germania Germany.

in feminine, she/ woman, in a feminine way, smb's wife/ married with. imMi my wife

intel understand

inter between, among

interes interested in smth, interesun interesting for smb

ir upper/ high, height, up/ on top, above smth

is nourished, eater, sated, eat. Lupu isOwi the wolf kills a ship

isu, densu tooth/ teeth

isun nutritious/ edible, food/ foodstuffs/ grocery, eating, food for smb

iun < i un component, ⊆/ one of/ belong to the group/ set.  iunUkraina from Ukraine/ citizen of Ukraine. iunLeksikon radi root from the dictionary

jar year. In Jar deka She is ten years old

je ice

jes yesterday

jo know, connoisseur/ expert, knowing, know smth/ smb/ be familiar with

ju young, child/ kid, childish, as young as/ younger than. jui children/ kids

jugoslau Yugoslavian, Yugoslav. jugoslawia Yugoslavia

jusSamenhou bar I swear by Zamenhof's beard!

ka little/ small, lightweight/ dwarf, small (in mass, amount of substance), less than

kaerju little boy

kainju little girl

kampu field

kar, minus negative / minus, opponent / enemy, in debt / in minus, the opposite of: euLas minusEu the best is the enemy of the good

karotu carrot/ encouragement/ treat, give/ hang/ promise a carrot/ motivate

karu gentle/ caress, sissy, gently/ affectionately, pet/ caress smb. seskoFenester ho golegiLibru; 'e karuKas. A man sitting by the window was reading a book and petting a cat.

kasju kitten

kau catch smth

ke start/ begin with smth

kees appearing, appear, appearing, appear to smb

kel fast/ quick, fast one/ smth fast, quickly, faster

kilo thousand

kir, kepu chief, head/ chief/ boss, mainly, dominate over/ be boss of smb

ko neighboring, neighbor, close/ almost, near/ be near smth

koi write/ type. kojun, teis text

komisi commission

komites committee

kongres congress

konkres, ta specific/ special, single object with clearly defined characteristics/ individual/ instance/ representative/ specificity/ concreteness, specifically/ in particular, specified by smb/ according to some characteristics

konsul consulting, consultant/ advisor, as advice, advise/ consult

kras tomorrow/ the next day

kres confident, adept, with faith, believe. kresNo'on wi lu believe in love at first sight

ku what?/ unknown, who/ what?, how?, how to relate to?/ what to do with? kugu what (living); kuho who (sapient). kuli how.
- Ku?, Hu Who's sleeping?
- Hu Wasja. Sleeping person is Vasya.
kuİn? Tu What is your relationship with her?

kufa how much

kujun < ku iun which

kultur cultural, culture, cultural, more cultural

kuri why

kus, riun so/ therefore/ means/ as a consequence, because/ since/ for the reason Euu kusAlu is suitable because he is healthy

la <active past participle>/ perfect, result/ outcome, finally, in the end/ ended with P.  La ro rounded. Ku?, La what happened?
laba said. lada gave. lahu fell asleep. lais have eaten. lamer killed. lawi enSenaria plas, laguTa found a plain in the land of Sennaar and settled there. hor tri o la it's been three hours already

lagu lake

las recent

laus grateful / thanking, thanks, gratefully, thanking smb

legi read. Ho legiLibru The person reads a book

li <repetition of the predicate>  Ra'ta Euli! do it well. kuli unknown circumstance/ way/ manner, how/ in quality, ... Kuli? How are you? Li? Tu wi Do you see?

libru book

lingu, basu linguistic, tongue (organ, speech), tongue, speak with smth/ with the help of smth

lo long, length/ longitude, longly, longer

logi, grafi scientific, scientist/ science, scientifically/logically, more scientific/ logical

loku room

lu loving/ prejudiced/ not indifferent, lover/ appreciator/ - phil, preferably, love/ prefer/ highly appreciate smth/ smb: Mi luHi or Hi luumMi I like this

lunde Monday. no'on lunde o'men on the first Monday of the month.

man smart/ sapience/ thinking/ intelligent, thinker/ sapient one, mentally, think smth

mane morning, morning, in the morning, earlier

manun, idea imaginary, idea/ concept, mentally / in the mind, seem / introduce to smb

me average/ joint, middle/ comrade/ fellow  cohabitant, mediocre/ together, near/ with/ between/ (going) for smb

memor remember, memory/ one who remembers, from memory, remember smth/ smb

mi (inalienable) mine, I / me, in my opinion, that I/ reports (about myself) that: Midos my daughter. Mi joEr I know him. Hi mi it's me. Inputting direct speech: Er ba miWi he says: "I see"

minus minus, see kar

minutu minute

mio mine

mobi moving/ pushing, moving something

moda way, method, mode of action, technique

momen moment

mon buy smth

monu pay to smb

monsu monetary/ payment/ currency, money/ means for purchase, paid/ for money,  pay with smth

mu numerous, many: ho mu a lot of people. homu urbu a crowded city

muhau lu rich in love.

nal, ludu I play, performer, as if/as if/as if/as if/allegedly, pretending to be smb/ playing the role of smb. nal = weun. Mi ne'po 'nal La ra I can't, but I pretend I did

nati national, nation

ne do not exist / absent / insignificant / zero, empty set / zero, never, not / without: Ne pauOn Zero is less than one. In neJo She doesn't know. ne'joun unknown. neMi a Everyone except me. Opposites are expressed by different roots: soi cold; ne'soi is not cold (not necessarily hot). gor hot; ne'gor is not hot (not necessarily cold). ne'mi without me

niphon Japanese. niphonia Japan

no nominal/ ordinal/ named/ with index, name/ proper noun/ title/ number, exactly/ nominally, name is/ number/ by name / number is Mi noSerhii My name is Serhii. noFi is called Fi. no'on (#1) first,  no'du (#2) second, no'fin last

noi nocturnal, night, spend the night somewhere

non nine

nos our, we, in our opinion, input of direct speech plural. Res 'laba nos raBriku i! And they said to each other: let's make bricks. nos iTu we including you. nos neTu we without you

nu new, news/ remake/ newbie, already, newer than

o suffix of priority of connection of previous roots, of/ in the role of a predicate changes the definition and is determined by places: Gi ser oi (giant stars) group. Kan o'wou neKou A dog that barks does not bite. Introduces the inalienable object: Hi oMi This is part of me / <inalienable> mine. Mi ounDos. I have a daughter. o'ku what of

oi eight

ol excellent, masterpiece, very, more/ superior to smth/ than smth than/ compare with smth. ne'ol not very. ol'ala more than all others

oma tumor

on single/ solitary/ unitary, one, once/ unique/ rarity, =.  On minus'on one minus one. Lingu on, Dialeis on one language, one dialect, on manun only seems to be

or mouth

organis organize smth

os inflammation

osto bone/skeleton, reinforce smth

ou oh!

paper paper

par partial/ particular/ fractional, part/ particle/ piece/ fraction/ element, partially, divide/ separate smth/ smb/ be part of smth/ fractional numerals: On par'du 1/2. Aktual par o'senten actual part of the sentence

par on one-component / solid, monolith, simply, the only part of smth

pau simple/ from a small number of parts, smth uncomplicated, little/ a little in number/ amount

pen five

peu kitchen, cook, preparе food, see ra

piun drinking smth. piun riTu alu drink to your health.

po possible / potential / skillful / capable, potential / talent / professional, perhaps, can. Tu poEi. You can go

poin sorry, is to blame for smb. poino < poin + o regret smth. poinun < poin + un poinun apologize to smb, forgive smb

pol full/ whole, ideal/ limit, enough, is enough for. pol us full of water

pos future, plan, will, after/ later / after (time period): Pos! Bye! Pos wi! goodbye, pos'hor du in two hours

pro confirming, supporter, according to, leave/ in accordance with / agrees with smb / smth  In ne'proMi she does not agree with me

prou let in

problema problem/ question/ task. ne'problema no problem

pre ask smth, prei ask smb, preu ask for

pregnaSun pregnant with son

A preposition is a predicate without predication.

presen introduce

programa program

propu suggest smth

publi public

pun accurate, point/ period, exactly, be exactly smth

ra labor, producer/ worker/ manufacturer, with difficulty, do/ try for the sake of/ make efforts for/ make smth/ force to be smth. ra'<> den stop/stop/close/turn off smth. ra'<> en'<> put in. ra'ki go to bed. ra'sta get up. ra'ses sit down. ra'<> u send

radi, urto radical, root, rooting, rooted in smth

randu random, occasion / happen random, by chance, smb smth/ happens with

raun, arti artificial/ done, composition/ artifact, artificially, made by smb

refer relative, relation, relatively, relate

repor reporting, to report. reporun a report

ri ⇒/ if/ targeted/ favorable, reason, for/ specifically in order to smth/ for the purpose of smth/ so/  increase the likelihood of smth/ contribute to smth/ risks (not *dangerous): Hi neRi, Ri Al It is not a reason, the reason is different; Man riEs I think, therefore I exist

riwi seeking/ looking, search, look for smth

roko chocolate

rul obligatory, obligor/ obligated, necessarily, smb should (do smth). Tu rulEi! You should go!
rul = fejun < fei un smth is expected by smb


alu healthy, healthy one (not *health)

samu same/ identical, the same/ identity, actually/ too, coincide with smth

satu well-fed

sauna sauna

se old, old thing/ man, still, older than. enRur se'inju the oldest girl in the village

seen to stay. Mi pos seenHi I'll stay here

seis sexual partner.

seku next, follower, consequence, follow smth/ smb

seri series

serte at least

ses sitting, perpendicular, across, sitting on.

seu seven

si active / (inalienable) one's own, oneself/ agent/ subject, actively, influence smth/ smb. Replaces the subject: Nos ra uSi no! Let's make a name for ourselves

siblin brother and/or sister

sinser frank/ sincere, revelation/ sincerity, frankly/ sincerely, more frank/ sincere

situ situation, position

shengen Schengen

son singing, singi/ singer, humming, sing smth

sper hope

spor sporty, sport/ sportsman/ sportiness, sporty, do some kind of sport

stimul stimulus, stimulating,  stimulate

studi study. studiEnglis study English

su instrumental/ helping/auxiliary, instrument/ means/ assistant, instrumentally/ with the help of smth, use smth
su'karta by card

subu under

sukses have success/ have time/ can do = sperun

sur superficial, surface, superficially, on/ cover

swis Swiss: swisia Switzerland

ta, konkres <definite article>/ such, then/ that, there/ so/ in the case that is determined/ specified by smth. Object of speech. In Ta bel she is so beautiful. ta'analis revealed by analysis. go ta'randu was random (determined by chance). la ta'simpu i defined by a number of symptoms. Seseni neLata seats are not specified

tain she

tali so

teater theater

teis un fabric

ter Mr./Ms.

tera Earth

teraa, uniwersu world, universe

teror terrible, horror, terrible, more terrible

tja < ti'a eternal, always

tje < ti'e again

tjes < ti'es ever

ti time. ti'ku? when?. tiKu?, Tu pos he What time will you be home? ti'ta that time, then. ti'ne never. tja < ti'a always. tje <ti'e again

tradui translate

tran behind, through, on the other side

tea tea

tri three. Nos Tri There are three of us. Nos Er tri We are three men

tro excessive / extreme, emergency/ excess, too/ excessively, exceed

tu your (inalienable), you/ gentleman should, in your opinion, they say you tueMi you and me. Jo tu'neSu! Confucius said: "A gentleman has no weapons."/ The teacher says: a noble man should not be a tool

u directed, flow/ vector, directionally, to/ current to/ (dative). Uun final point/ beneficiary. ne'u not intentionally. u'ku where/ to whom, u'si (to) -self, u'hi here, u'ge down. Es uHi. Someone is heading this way. A uTu is all for you

ui̯ in-law/ (from the side of) husband/ wife, spouse/ marriage, married

ul combative, battle, warlike, struggle/ fight

un passive / passive participle, object / repetition of the object, at the end of the predicate rearranges the actants / subject to smth: Kuun? Er laba what did he say? Mi raLingu. Un noFi I compose a language, it's called Fi

ur guts

uru city/ town

us, liku liquid, water, more liquid

wa centrifugal, centrifuge, in all directions, throw smth

wal valuable/ significant, price/ value, costly, worth how much/ what

we we

weo ours

wen < u'en entering/ incoming, entering one, entering/ penetrating, into. wen letter incoming letter

wendi selling, salesperson, for sale, sell

wer truthful/ true/ real/ genuine, right, correct

werbu word

wesper evening/ night

wgei < u'gei away

wi sighted, viewer/ witness/ eyewitness/ observer, obviously, look/ see/ watch/ observe Mi wiEr. I look at him. Mi lawi I, who sees. aswiEr seeing him. wiun what is visible. wiUn the one who sees the object

wko < u'ko before/ approaching

wo want/ wish for, would, conditional/subjunctive mood. Mi lara 'wo nePo I would do it, but I can't.  wo = nalun

wre < u're back

BALNIBARBI (Balnibarbi Community, colloquially Icaria)

Article from the General Geographical and Historical Dictionary, published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1845.

Balnibarbi (also known in European literature as Icaria) is a large (472,000 km²) independent state located on the main island of the same name and adjacent islands in the North Pacific Ocean. The special structure of this land, where private property and monetary circulation are completely absent, and life is subject to strict collectivism, causes heated debate in Europe.
London satirists (in particular, the late Dean Jonathan Swift in his fiction about Captain Gulliver) unjustifiably accused the locals of crazy projects. At the same time, the novel "Voyage to Icaria" was recently published in Paris. It is based on the memoirs of Lord Kerisdall, who visited the country in 1836, and in which local life is overly romanticized.


🌍 Geography, climate and natural resources

Description of landscapes and geomorphology

The island of Balnibarbi is of volcanic origin and is a large high land surrounded by ridges with active volcanoes and deep valleys. The Aleutian Island chain serves as a natural bridge connecting Russian Alaska with the northern tip of Balnibarbi. In the extreme south there is a long peninsula, and near it is the island of Laputa (an ancient citadel of local rulers and Jesuits, which travelers of the last century described as a "flying island"). To the southeast of Balnibarni begins the chain of Hawaiian Islands.

Climatic conditions

Due to its unique location and warm ocean currents, the climate of the main part of Balnibarbi is temperate, mild and cool. Winters here are almost snowless, and summers are long and humid. The southern peninsula and the island of Laputa lie in a zone of fertile, sunny subtropics, where citrus fruits, tea and mulberries are grown.

Natural resources

The country is extremely rich in minerals and raw materials:
Copper, tin, lead, zinc and other metals: Rich surface deposits, which in ancient times allowed the locals to achieve perfection in bronze casting.
Coal and sulfur: Available in volcanic zones and used for the needs of state manufactories.
Valuable forests: Massifs of giant coniferous and deciduous trees that provide first-class wood.

📜 History and ideological foundations of the State of Equality

Ancient era and discoveries

The island was inhabited by people in ancient times, even before the final division of humanity into modern races. For a long time, the Balnibarbi people developed in isolation, creating a unique culture.

In the middle of the 16th century, the island was discovered by Spanish navigators. Not finding gold and silver here and recognizing the temperate climate as unsuitable for quick enrichment, the Madrid court transferred these lands under the care of the Jesuit Order, led by Saint Francis Xavier.

Jesuit reductions and the Great Reformation

It was the Jesuit missionaries who laid the current foundation of Balnibarbi. They united the ancient tribal communities of the indigenous inhabitants into a gigantic network of reductions (communes) and supported one of the numerous kings in his claims to the title of Untu - the supreme ruler over the entire island.

In the 1790s, the monarchy was bloodlessly liquidated and secular power passed to the Elected Council of Governors. This event in Balnibarbi is called the Great Ikarian Revolution, after the pseudonym of the first president for life. Ikarus and subsequent presidents concentrated all wealth in state ownership by confiscating the lands and property of the Jesuits and the former aristocracy.

During the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, when the connection with the metropolis was broken, Ikarus proclaimed the independence of Balnibarbi-Ikaria. The country's independence was recognized by friendly American republics, the Russian Empire (which took advantage of this to settle the maritime border of its Aleutian Islands with Balnibarbi), Japan (which seized the disputed Lagnegg Islands in return) and, gradually, other major powers.

👥 Population, language and customs

Anthropological type and settlement

The indigenous Balnibarbians represent the so-called "second white race". They have fair skin, broad faces with European eye shape and extremely thick, lush beards in men. The population of 25  millions is evenly distributed across the island. Large cities, such as the capital Lagado, its main rival Lindalino, Laputa and Maldonado, are divided into communes, each associated with a state-owned factory or warehouse.

Language

The local language is a structured jargon used by Jesuit scholastic at the Great Academy of Laputa to teach local students. The roots of the Latin language and local dialects are reduced to one syllable. All words are nouns in the direct and indirect cases, making the language concise and easy to learn.

Religion and morality

The temples are simple, resembling large meeting halls. Every Sunday, citizens gather for a joint prayer, after which the mentors read out government decrees and analyze the faults of community members. All Christian denominations allow their followers to participate in prayer in Balnibarbi churches.

Life

All Balnibarbians wear the same, comfortable clothes made of gray or blue cloth, which are issued from common pantries. The family is sacred, but the upbringing of children after the age of 5 is controlled by the state.

⚙️ Economy and foreign trade

There is no domestic market in the country. The state is the only economic organism. However, foreign trade is conducted very actively through a special Commissariat in the port of Maldonado on the southern peninsula.

What is Balnibarbi rich in for export:
– Products made of high-quality bronze and other copper alloys. Traditional Balnibarbi kitchen and tableware decorated with exquisite carving, artistic casting and tools that do not know wear;
– Furs, wool, silk, Laputan tea and medicinal balms are highly valued and are bought by American and British merchants;
– Ship materials. Strong timber and ropes of special weaving.

All proceeds in foreign currency go exclusively to the state treasury for the purchase of European steam engines, designs and advanced technologies.

🧳 Tips and warnings for travelers and specialists

🚫 Strict prohibitions

Your money will be sealed at customs. Instead, you will be given a "Guest Letter", according to which in special shelters you will receive food, clothing and housing on an equal basis with everyone else.

It is forbidden to import any European books, newspapers or tracts without a visa from the Censorship Commissariat.

It is forbidden to make any private deals, exchange things with the residents or give them European souvenirs.

💡 Useful guidelines

Keep to the schedule: Life in the reductions begins and ends with the ringing of the bell. Lunches in the communal dining rooms, work in the workshops and rest are regulated to the minute.

When communicating with local leaders or mentors, avoid praising European luxury or political freedoms.

WITNESS NOTES: THREE WEEKS IN UNALASHKA. From the notebook of the board secretary, K. M. Borzenko, who was the Russian representative to the International Commission on Marine Fisheries in Northern Waters. "Library for Reading," Volume CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

June 4th. Our brig, the Saint Theodosius, finally dropped anchor in Illuk Harbor. Formally, these bleak cliffs of the Aleutian Mountains belong to our sovereign Emperor, and we, his officials, have found ourselves here during the current (Crimean) War, unleashed against the Fatherland by the European powers. However, the reality of these places stands in stark contrast to the maps in the "Consolidated Atlas." Russian influence in Unalashka is now visible only in the lonely log office building of the Russian-American Company and the blue onion-shaped dome of the Orthodox Church of the Ascension of Our Lord. The rest of the harbor is filled with foreigners. A vibrant, noisy, and decidedly un-Russian life rages here: crowds of American purchasing officers, Canadian hunters, British sailors, and, of course, the ubiquitous gray figures of the Balnibarbians. Their Catholic church, once founded by the Jesuits, had been stripped of all its former pomp and splendor. Not a trace remains of the gilded altars; today, it's a stern, gray building serving purely governmental functions: a registry office, distribution warehouse, and court for the local Icarian community. The Icarians themselves, it seemed to me, are, for the most part, completely indifferent to the lofty ideals of their ancestors' evangelical communism; rather, their eyes betray a weariness from endless planning and regulation.

June 9. — The International Marine Fisheries Commission is working tirelessly. Armed vessels sailing under the Commission's blue and white pennants strictly enforce fishing times, quotas, and methods to prevent the extermination of fur seals. The real scourge of these waters are the Americans; their schooners brazenly and recklessly violate the convention. Alas, our own independent industrialists, unbridled in their madness for profit, are not far behind. Canadian whaling ranks third on this shameful list only because its vessels are less frequently detained in international waters, where the guns of the Royal Navy stand at their backs.

However, at today's meeting, the American representative, Mr. G.D., showed bias towards the only Japanese whaling vessel that entered the harbor. The poor Asians, whose navigation and fishing methods seem barbaric to Europeans, were punished with the arrogance of the true masters of the Pacific: they were threatened with the guns of the New York squadrons and demanded the maximum fine for the slightest deviation from the rules.

Meanwhile, the British members of the Commission behave with cold, icy contempt toward us, representatives of hostile Russia. While the guns of Sevastopol thunder, the English gentlemen in the conference room do not deign to utter a single unnecessary word, communicating exclusively through written memoranda and demonstratively turning away when meeting on the embankment.

I found true solace from this icy arrogance on the western shore of the harbor. Hundreds of Icarian sailors and craftsmen, having changed their work clothes, gather for a choral chant, playing virtuoso brass flutes and horns, while their youths staged athletic contests in the square and laughed. Upon learning that we were Russian, the Icarians vied with each other to practice the language they had learned in school. These evening festivals, inherited from the old Jesuit reductions, serve as the best break from the daily routine, giving any talented person a chance to be noticed and even receive a place in the University.

June 14. — The scandal at the Commission meeting reached its climax. An American offender, caught illegally fishing near the Pribilof Islands, was forcibly detained and brought to port. The American representative resorted to disingenuousness: he loudly declared that the detention was illegal, since all Russian warships had been recalled to the Okhotsk coast to protect Nikolaevsk and Ayan due to the ongoing war, and there was no one to guard the area. Imagine his fury when it was discovered that the Americans had been intercepted and arrested by the Balnibarbi naval corvette Ikarus' truth, which had raised the flag of the International Commission! The American representative shouted that the Balnibarbis had no right to raise this flag, that their actions constituted piracy. The Icarian delegate, who stood up, merely quoted the treaty clause obligating the Republic to maintain a cruiser fleet to protect the pact, while our representative, State Councilor Ozerov, dryly reminded the Anglo-Saxons that as long as Russia owns Alaska, we dictate the rules here.

June 19th. — Yesterday, Monday evening, the Balnibardians were animatedly discussing among themselves, and since I couldn't understand them, they politely translated into Russian for me that on Sunday, in the square outside the assembly hall, Brother Mentor, in front of all the honorable folk, had publicly exposed and tried a sailor from the state-owned merchant ship Icarus III. The scale of this unfortunate man's sin was truly colossal: in the hold of his ship, an entire bundle of fashionable European clothing was found, which the sailor had secretly bartered with visiting merchants and concealed, not turning it in for so-called "foreign checks." For the Icarians, who zealously maintain their loyalty to the communal charter, this event came as a bolt from the blue. The culprit made no denials, meekly listened to the Brotherhood's harsh verdict, and was sent straight from the square, escorted by a civilian patrol, to the northern coal fields, never to return to seafaring again. How harshly the local planning machine punishes the slightest attempt at personal gain!

EYEWITNESS NOTES: THE BLACK SANDS OF LAGADO.
From a letter by Mr. Hendrik van de Berg, a mechanical engineer from Rotterdam. "Library for Reading," Vol. CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

August 18th. — After two months of grueling travel, we finally unloaded our dredger, assembled at the Fienoord shipyards, at the mouth of the Lagado River. The local engineers showed almost religious respect for our machine. This is hardly surprising, however: in Balnibarbi, the only iron ore is titanomagnetite sand, which thickly covers the seashores and riverbeds. Our steam pump, belching columns of black smoke, is capable of lifting tons of this black sludge from the bottom per hour, sending it straight to the separation chutes.

Two battalions of the Labor Army continue to manually wash the sand in the shallows. One battalion consists of young men drafted from northern communes—broad-shouldered and strong beyond their years. The other battalion consists of slender girls from the fertile southern peninsula. The boys and girls work on opposite sides of the channel, but with great competitive fervor, calling to each other across the water. In the evening, under the supervision of Brother-Mentors, they are allowed to meet in common areas for dancing and sports.

August 22nd. — The local engineers, though lacking European polish, are surprisingly quick with mechanics. They've fitted our Dutch unit with a special system of traps. Black sand clings to the magnets, and the waste rock is sent back to the river. The senior foreman, a stern old man named Brother Lucas, explained to me in Latin that during European coke smelting, titanium oxides clogged the furnace, and valuable vanadium went into slag. However, now, by melting the sands with simple coal and lime, they've learned to impart high strength and corrosion resistance to steel.

August 27th. — Work at the factory goes on around the clock, divided into three eight-hour shifts. The workers, of course, don't see any money, but the local proletarians' lives are far from miserable. For the hours they work, they receive coupons backed by commune produce. A single coupon can buy a hearty meal for the whole family, complete with meat, fish, excellent dairy products, and baked goods. Alcohol is unavailable here, but these same coupons are used to obtain clothing, shoes, household items, and much more from commune warehouses, whatever the commune's supply chain has managed to barter. The exchange takes place at the "intercommunal" market, where local commune coupons are highly prized. Since it was late August, fresh fruit from subtropical communes is now available to the workers at the market.

September 2nd. — A breakdown occurred: the crankshaft on the auxiliary lubrication pump cracked. Brother Lucas was personally acquainted with the director of our "community-forming" iron smelter. This young and energetic man, who combined the duties of plant director and spiritual mentor of the community, personally arrived on shore, inspected the breakdown, and immediately, without any bureaucracy, ordered the necessary spare part to be manufactured in the machine shop and a supply of lubricant. Local government here acts with astonishing speed when it comes to the common good and the smooth operation of the state plan. Our unit began smoking again by the evening of the same day, and Brother Lucas, consulting his punch cards, declared with satisfaction: "The rhythm of Lagado has been maintained, the commune plan has been fulfilled on time!"

EYEWITNESS NOTES: THE MECHANICAL MIND OF LAPUTA

From the unpublished autobiographical memoirs of Mr. Per Georg Scheutz, Swedish inventor, mechanic, and foreign academician of the Grand Academy of Laputa.
"Library for Reading," Vol. CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

November 4th. When I arrived on the island, I was astonished by the perfection of the local bronze casting and the fine workmanship of non-ferrous alloys. The local craftsmen, skilled in creating the most complex music boxes and automatic barrel organs that play psalms in the squares, possessed instruments of incredible precision. But most of all, I was amazed by the local government, which knows nothing of the concept of "financing" — that curse of the European scientist, forced to beg for every crown from bankers. Instead of money, the Government granted me generous, unlimited state supplies. At my first word, pounds of the finest brass, the purest oil, and an entire watchmaking workshop, which turned gears according to my patterns day and night, were delivered from the Maldonado warehouses.

November 12th. — The living heart of Balnibarbi statistics now beats in every district center, and recently, in the nascent Intercommunal Markets. My Analytical Machines have been installed at these data collection points. Records are kept not on paper, which perishes and tears in the harsh climate, but on the finest brass punch cards. Using special lever-operated machines, reminiscent of European punching machines, the Brother Controllers punch holes in the brass, coding the bean harvest, the smelting of titanium sand, or the exchange rates of volost coupons. Every hole in the metal is a strictly recorded economic fact. Co-op members and suppliers initially grumbled about this mechanical rigor, but now they themselves crowd the Controllers' booths, eager to quickly submit their reports and receive their route sheets.

November 19th. — The greatest astonishment is the method by which these brass tablets are transmitted from the districts up to the Grand Academy of Laputa. Since transporting carts loaded with metal over the mountains is time-consuming, the Icarians have deployed a network of light (optical) telegraphs, which densely covers the entire island. Towers with powerful reflectors of polished Balnibarbian bronze are erected on high hills. When a brass punch card is ready, an operator at the district station inserts it into the transmitting mechanism. The sun's rays (and at night, the fires of volcanic sulfur), passing through the holes in the brass, transmit coded flashes of light from tower to tower with the speed of lightning. On Laputa, receiving Tabulator Machines automatically capture these signals, punching similar brass sheets in the central archive. This mechanical intelligence, devoid of human passions and laziness, allows the government to detect a grain shortage in the North or a surplus of lemons in the South within hours and immediately dispatch Labor Armies there. The Icarian utopia, guided by brass punch cards and beams of light, is a prototype of the coming century, where the state will be governed not by kings and parliaments, but by pure, mathematical statistics.

EYEWITNESS NOTES: INTERCOMMUNAL MARKETS
From the travel notes of A. I. Levitov, Master of Philosophy, Adjunct Professor of Political Economy and Statistics at the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
"Library for Reading," Volume CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

September 12th. — My first encounter with Balnibarbi customs began with an incident. At the Laputian customs house, the stern Brothers, silently and completely ignoring my heated objections, confiscated and sealed my entire travel library with sealing wax. I had hoped to find here a living embodiment of the ideas of Proudhon's mutualism and Louis Blanc. However, the customs officials remained deaf to science. Despite all this, these zealots of equality eagerly questioned me about the European goods I could bring with me for sale (and which I didn't have). Meanwhile, the officials vied with each other in extolling the government's system of exchange, convincing me of the benefits of handing over foreign clothing and especially colonial goods. They assured me that in exchange, a foreigner would receive special "foreign checks," which would immediately redeem anything the foreign gentleman desired from the government warehouses—from Laputian balsams to the finest silk. A surprising paradox: a government that frantically guards its communities from European books, yet lures foreigners with the benefits of abundant goods to replenish its own foreign currency coffers.

September 16th. — I had the opportunity to observe the phenomenon of an inter-communal market, which is still in its infancy. Since there is still no unified currency in the country, and each commune prints its own paper coupons to record hours worked, these receipts have become de facto local currencies. At these markets, procurement agents, dispatched by their communes with official route sheets, conduct before our very eyes a complex clearing exchange of coupons from different communes, changing their exchange rates every week, and exchange iron from the capital of Lagado or northern timber for local subtropical products.

September 21st. — State inspectors (the Brothers-Controllers) are, of course, present at these markets, but they are unable to physically monitor prices, as there is no single currency in the country and it is impossible to set a fixed rate. Instead, feverish statistical activity is underway in their official booths. The inspectors tirelessly record the spontaneously evolving exchange rates of coupons from various communes. This entire mass of figures is transferred daily to special punched cards. These cards are hastily sent to the central committee in the capital. There, these cards are run through mechanical tabulators, thereby tracking hidden economic shortages and identifying communes whose coupons are rapidly declining in value. Otherwise, the inspectors' duties are purely rational: they check the travel orders of supply workers, vigilantly monitor sanitary safety, mercilessly burning away any rottenness, and protect the center's monopoly on gunpowder and weapons. The most exclusive commodity in Ikaria, of course, is all foreign imports. Therefore, the most coveted and scarce medium of exchange in the markets remains those very same "foreign checks" for surrendered currency and colonial goods. A supply worker who obtains such checks is revered as a hero, for with them, the commune leadership can officially release real treasures from the warehouses.

September 25th. — I attended a meeting of the Political Economy Department at the Grand Academy of Laputa, where I had a lengthy and very frank conversation with local academic professors, who have now cast off their former Jesuit scholasticism in favor of rigorous mathematical planning. To my surprise, the main topic of our debate was not the dogmas of communism, but the acute, existential shortage of tropical goods that is literally strangling the Balnibarbi economy. Industrialization requires rubber for insulation, palm oil and copra for lubricating steam engines, cotton and jute for manufacturing. The food and household needs of a population of 32 million, raised on hearty government meals, require colossal quantities of coffee, cocoa, sugar, spices, seafood, and fresh fruit, which the meager nature of the northern plateau cannot produce. The Maldonado Peninsula and Laputa itself, despite all the agronomists' tricks, are unable to satisfy this gigantic appetite. In this academic department, it became completely clear to me why the local Market Controllers so greedily hunt for foreign goods, and why "foreign checks" have become the island's most coveted currency.

Попытка географической привязки Икарии Этьена Кабе к моей Бальнибарби.

"это страна, столь же населенная, как Франция и Англия, вместе взятые, хотя едва ли больше по территории, чем одна из них."

"покинул Лондон 22 декабря 1835 года и приехал 24 апреля вместе с верным товарищем моих путешествий, моим добрым Джоном, в порт Камирис, на восточном берегу страны Марволей"
(Камирис – Новоархангельск? (ныне Ситка), столица страны Марволей – Русской Америки. По отношению ко всей Русской Америке, Новоархангельск, действительно "на восточном берегу")

"Ее отделяет от Икарии морской пролив, для переезда через который требуется шесть часов"
(Шесть часов на судне в 1835 году — это расстояние примерно от 50 до 100 километров (или от 30 до 50 морских миль), в зависимости от погоды, ветра и типа корабля. Хм. У меня расстояния намного больше.)

"Мне грозила часто опасность разбиться вместе с нашим экипажем на отвратительных дорогах. Только чудом спасся я из пропасти, куда меня сбросил несчастный возница, одуревший от пьянства. Раз я был почти занесен снегом, а затем чуть не погиб в песках."
(Звучит так, как если бы он ехал сухопутным путём через Сибирь. Тогда Камирис – это Аян. Но "через пролив за 6 часов" – это тоже не сходится.

Самый быстрый путь: 1) из Англии морем в порт Веракрус (Мексика) от 35 до 45 дней);
2) По суше Веракрус — Мехико — Акапулько 10–12 дней на дилижансе, который тянут хорошие мулы, по древней, мощеной камнем дороге El Camino Real, на которой стоят постоялые дворы – вот оно путешествие по суше!;
3) Из Акапулько морем на Гавайи от 35 до 45 дней и далее на Бальнибарби. Весной и осенью через Гавайи на север ходят сотни китобойных судов. Тогда Камирис – это или Лахайна (остров Мауи): Политический центр и королевская резиденция. Порт Лахайны не имел глубокой защищенной гавани, поэтому корабли бросали якорь на открытом, но относительно спокойном рейде (Lahaina Roads). Порт был чрезвычайно популярен у китобоев. Или Гонолулу (остров Оаху): Главные торговые «ворота» архипелага. Тот и другой порт находятся "на восточном берегу своих островов". Сходится. На Гавайях точно был икарийский консул. Но "шесть часов через пролив" – опять отбрасываем.

"Я узнал скоро, что марволи являются союзниками икарийцев, а Камирис — почти икарийский город, что икарийский пароход должен завтра отправиться в Тираму, в Икарии, и нужно сперва обратиться к икарийскому консулу"
(В моей фантазии "почти икарийский город" – это Уналашка, где даже есть целая икарийская коммуна. Что, если китобои не захотели заходить в более южные порты, а сразу доставили молодого лорда У. Керисдолла сразу в центр промысла?
Икарийский консул мог быть и в Новоархангельске, и в Аяне, и на Гавайях, и в Уналашке – этот факт ничего не даёт.

"Шесть часов через пролив" могло быть ошибкой восприятия информации. Шесть часов могли быть от крайних островов Алеутской или Гавайской цепи до Бальнибарби-Икарии.

"Тирама показалась мне новым и правильно построенным городом". (Приму, что и такой новый город появился. Не противоречит).

"дорога, которая была проложена великолепно. Она поднималась и спускалась совершенно незаметно, и мы постоянно мчались по ней галопом, даже на больших подъемах." "мы спускались по очень крутой дороге, на краю ревущего потока и страшной пропасти, и спускались все время галопом, потому что дорога была ограждена". "мы проехали много деревень и пять или шесть городов, нигде не останавливаясь". "Спустившись в долину, мы перешли на колейную дорогу с желобами из железа или камня, по которым карета летела, как по железной дороге.
Немного спустя мы достигли большой железной дороги, по которой паровая машина понесла нас с быстротой ветра или молнии."
(Итак, новый портовый город Тирама отделен от долины, по которой проложена железная дорога горным хребтом, через который (или в обход которого по берегу) железной дороги нет).

"— Много ли у вас таких железных дорог? — спросил я Вальмора.
— У нас их двенадцать больших, пересекающих страну в различных направлениях, и множество соединяющих их мелких дорог."

"мы приехали в Камиру, расположенную на берегу широкой реки, с множеством пароходов". "Железная дорога доставила нас прямо к пароходу, так что я не имел времени осмотреть город".
(Город Камира на берегу большой реки, принимаю).

"Немного спустя я вместе с другими путешественниками покинул реку, чтобы перейти на железную дорогу. К одиннадцати часам мы заметили крыши многочисленных зданий столицы."
(То есть железнодорожного моста через реку в столице (!) нет. Ну, это 1836 год, ещё построят железные дороги и через перевалы и в обход и через реки).

"— Сколько места, — воскликнул я при виде этих колоссальных отелей, — занимают, однако, путешественники в Икаре!"
(Итак, пожизненный президент Икар, страна Икария, столица Икар! Хм.)

"Икария ограничивается с юга и с севера двумя горными цепями, которые отделяют ее от Пагилии и Мирона, с востока — рекой, а с запада — морем. Последнее отделяет ее от страны Марволей, через которую вы приехали".
(Упс. Икария занимает только часть материка/большого острова? Это при том, что "население составляет Великобританию и Францию вместе взятые, а по территории едва ли больше одной из них". И лежит через "6-часовой пролив" к западу от страны Марволей? Ничего не сходится).