Please do not dismiss the Fi conlang because of its tones and degrees of vowel length. In fact, tones are the very intonations with which you pronounce phrases in your languages. And vowel lengths are nothing more than dynamic stress, familiar to many languages.
Convenient spelling will help you emphasize the necessary syllables and correctly intonate phrases - and you will be pleasantly surprised by the simplicity of Fi.
My goal and ambition when constructing Fi is to propose several ideas to the conlanger community.
Go on! What kind of help are you looking for?
When presenting my conlang, I need to follow a plan. I have to describe the conlang with the correct linguistic terms and notations.
That is, the help I need is threefold: to correct my presentation from the linguistic point of view, to correct the sequence of adherence to the plan and, of course, to correct my English so that it is understandable.
| Fi |
Type | Analitic with high roots-per-word ratio |
Alignment | Direct. A, O and an intransitive predicate are separate words. A transitive predicate is formed as a proclitic of O |
Head direction | Final |
Tonal | 3 syntactic tones |
Declensions | No. There are no mandatory declension paradigms. Roots of grammatical categories can be added to the actant, but this is not necessary |
Conjugations | No. Roots of grammatical categories can be added to the predicate, but there are no obligatory conjugation paradigms |
Introductionepigraph/ motto
The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables into one, and leaving out verbs and participles, because in reality all things imaginable are but nouns. JONATHAN SWIFT Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver, 1st a Surgeon and then a Captain of Several Ships |
The complete achievement of each criterion of an ideal language (philosophical, logical, simple, concise and universal) contradicts the others.
Fi is a language model under construction. It must be consistently described for my understanding of how languages work. Currently the model only works on simple sentences and is evolving towards sentences of medium complexity.
Fi is created on lingvoforum.net and includes ideas from its members.
PhonologyPhonemes and prosodic differences are the shortest elements of language that can be distinguished. The sounds of
Fi are pronounced as in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Phonology doesn't interest me. I would prefer that the roots remain unchanged where they join. To my regret, on two occasions I will be forced to describe these oral and written changes.
ConsonantsPlace → Manner ↓ | Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
Nasal | m | n | | | |
Plosive | p b | t d | | k g | |
Fricative | f | s | | | h |
Approximant | w | l | j | | |
Trill | | r | | | |
Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
Close | i | | u |
Mid | e | | o |
Open | | a | |
Syllables are the shortest elements that can be pronounced. In the
Fi conlang, there are no prosodic distinctions at the level of syllables.
Syllables have the structure (C)V(S), where (C) is an optional initial cluster; V – vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/; (S) - allowed codas: /i̯/, /l/, /n/, /r/, /s/, /u̯/. | Roots from one vowel are: i, e, a, o, u.
The similarity of consonants /j/, /w/ and non-syllabic vowels /i̯/, /u̯/ requires an additional rule: - non-syllabic /j/, /w/ before vowel are written j, w. For example, je, jes, jo, ju, tja, tje, wen, wi, wo, wu; - non-syllabic /i̯/, /u̯/ after vowel are written i, u. For example, eu, pau, hau, hoi, bau, ei, dau |
There cannot be two sonants in a coda, but there can be two syllables | baun /ˌbaˑ.un./, beun /ˌbeˑ.un/, daun /ˌdaˑ.un/, fail /ˌfaˑ.il/, gois /ˌgoˑ.is/, lais /ˌlaˑ.is/, tain /ˌtaˑ.in/, laus /ˌlaˑ.us/, poin /ˌpoˑ.in/, etc |
Roots and stressA root is a minimally significant segment of speech. In
Fi, the root consists of whole syllables and one stress. Stress is not an absolute characteristic of a syllable, but relative to neighboring syllables.
In Fi, the root is the only type of morpheme | For example, here are roots from one syllable: mi, es, ta, go, la, ne, tu, en, ho, nos, pos, ha, di, ku, al, no, sa, ba, er, po, ri, me, nal, ra, hi, nu, on, ir, du, ol, da, is, in, mu, fa, jar, tri, ka, pen, as, si, etc. |
One of the root syllables has a secondary dynamic stress: /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/.
The remaining syllables are unstressed: /(C)V(S)/ | In free-standing roots, the stress on the first syllable is not indicated. For example, kuho, minus, deka, kuli, esfa, basu, etc.
The apostrophe (') is written before the non first secondary stressed syllable. For example, еn'ku, еn'ta, еn'hi, ti'ku, ha'mi, ha'tu, ti'es, ti'ne, su'karta, ne'mi, no'on, no'du, etc. |
The vocabulary is mixed: a priori and a posteriori. First, the basic frequency roots were invented by averaging the roots of several languages, almost all monosyllabic. Secondly, many roots are freely borrowed and adapted to phonology. Thirdly, roots are formed by simplifying frequency words.
Words and intonationA word consists of one or more roots. The word is an actual member of the sentence: topic or comment.
The word is marked by a pause before it and the intensification of one of its stressed syllables /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/ to primary stress /ˈ(C)Vː(S)/. The part of a word beginning with a stressed root is called an actant. The part of the word before the stressed root is a predicate.
The topic word is pronounced without intonation, | The roots of the word are written separately. The syllable with primary stress is written with a capital letter.
For example: noFi, Internati foneti alfabes, Aktual par o'senten, studiEnglis (no and studi are predocates) |
the comment word - with intonation. Primary stress and intonation are markers of predicativity. Rising intonation /˨˦/ differs interrogative comment; | After the word with rising intonation, a question mark (?) is written. For example: Eu? (Is it) OK? Salu? (Are you) healthy? |
Descending intonation /˥˦/ differs affirmative one; | After the falling intonation there is a dot (.). For example: Eu. Thanks (liteally: Fine!). Salu. (Yes, I'm) healthy |
Flat high tone /꜓/ differs incentive one | After flat high intonation there is an exclamation mark (!). For example: Eu! Please! (literally: Be kind) Salu! Hello! (literally: Be healthy) |
Parts of the sentenceThe root acts as different parts of a sentence depending on its place in the word.
Attribute is non-final root of actant | Translation: Atribus neFin radi o'aktan (neFin and o'aktan are attributes) |
Head of actant is its final root(s) | Translation: Aktan kapu Si fin radi(i) (kapu and fin radi(i) are heads of actants) |
Adverbial modifier is non-final root of predicate | For example: goenTerraa Lingu on; E dialeis on. (go is adverbial modifier) The whole earth had one language and one dialect. |
Head of predicate is its final root(s) | For example: diOstu hoi lawi enSennaaria plas; e laguTa (en and gu are heads of predicate). Moving from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. |
Two roots can form a word or a simple sentence.
Attributive combination of roots: first a stressed attribute, then without a pause a head of actant | The root /o/ in the role of a preposition changes the attribute and the head in places | Simple sentence: Topic word (and without an auxiliary verb) Comment word | A subordinate sentence is an attributive combination of roots in the same order as in a simple sentence |
Arti lingu /ˌar.ti.lin.gu/ an artificial language | Lingu o'arti /ˌliˑn.gu.oˌaˑr.ti/ the language that is artificial | Lingu Arti. /'liːn.gu 'aːr.ti˥˦/ The language is artificial. | Lingu arti /ˌlin.gu̯aˑr.ti/ artificiality of language = that the language is artificial |
https://conlang.fandom.com/wiki/Fi
a ∀/ any/ every, all, in any case, all including. A lingu every language, Lingu a all languages. ao everything. aho everyone/ everybody. A basuEs Everyone uses some kind of language. a es influences in any case. hoaMi everyone including me
ai̯ worse, ne'eu̯ more bad
al but/ however/ different, different one, differently, or/ different from/ more different/ not the same as. Hi /'wi/ Aktan. Al /ˌwi/ neAktan. Si Predikas. Here /'wi/ is an actant, but /ˌwi/ is not an actant, it's a predicate. Hi alTa. This or that
ala all others
alfabes alphabet/ ABC. ordo'alfabes in alphabet order. Internati foneti alfabes international phonetic alphabet
ali others, option/ choice/ alternative, differently, selected from
alu white/ light, lighter
an more narrow/ tighter
angu snake
anti front/ frontal, forehead/ hood/ cockpit, preliminary, in front of smth/ before smth
alun choose
ar hand, manage smth
aranea reti spider's web
as, proses current, now (about the ongoing process)/ happening, / at the same time, in the process/ at the time how/ when/ simultaneously with: Ku?, Proses What's going on? In aseiUrbu She's going to the city. In goas eiUrbu. She was walking into the city
au sound, hearing, by ear, listen/ hear smth
au̯su ear
auto car
ba colloquial, speaker/ lecturer, orally, talk/ tell/ say about
ba'salu greet smb
basu, lingu linguistic, tongue (organ, speech), speak with/ with the help
bau informational, informant/ source, informative, notify/ inform smb
baun іs said
be need / have a need for smth: Mi beJo I need to know
bel beauty/ handsome, beautiful one, beautifully, more beautiful than smth/ smb
ber bring smth
beru bring to smb
beun < be un necessary, even/ including smth
bo sick, a sick person/ disease, have a sick part of body. kaHor hes hu riBo Sleeping less than six hours is dangerous
bu becoming / flock / becoming smth/ smb/ turn (am) into, soon/ immediately, right away (just about, soon), sooner
da exchange, sponsor/ philanthropist/ donor, mutually, give smth
dau give to smb
daun given
de day: de seu seven days. no'seu de seventh day. lunde Monday
marde Tuesday
merkurde Wednesday
joude Thursday
wenude Friday
saturde Saturday
solde Sunday
deka ten
dekis right, right side, on the right, to the right of smth. u'dekis to the right
deteis, lawi find/discover, discovery, discover smth
deu, djabu devilish, devil/ crafty, devilish, seduce smb
di outgoing/ derivative, (postal) item, departing, from. di leter outgoing letter. di'hi from here
drin jeans
do house, building
du double, full two/ pair, twice, two includes. du kafe double coffee. kafe du two coffees. Hi duEr. This pair includes a man
dur during/ while/ lived, duration, long, last/continue
e, plus and/ additional, addition, also/ in addition/ (once) again, plus/ with smth. E ri besides. du plusOn walTri two plus one equals three. tueMi you and me
ei go to smth; i ei use to go smth
eis external/ outside, exterior, outwardly, outside of smth
eistremu extremal/ extreme, extremum/ limit/ extremist, extreme, be the limit of smth
eskur take an excursion
el from/ of/ off/ out of smth
en internal, place, inside, in/ on/ at smth. enHi Mi here am I. en'es somewhere. еn'hi here. еn'ku where. еn'ta there
enun inner, what's inside of smth. enunMi What I'm inside of
er masculine/ male, he / a man, like a man, the husband of smb / married to smb: Jwan Eu er Ivan is a good man. Hi Er it's a man/ it's him. Jwan Er lara. Ivan acted like a man. Jwan erMari Ivan is Maria's husband
erju boy
es ∃/ some/ real, existing/ something/ somebody/ <indefinite personal pronoun>, clearly/ really/ very, influence smth/ appear to smb. Es projeis a project, Projeis es implementation of the project. tuTa lainEs They say she married smb. Mi Es wo I really want. esKu? So what? (What does it affect?)
esfa several, how much/ some quantity
eu, o'kei good/ feel good, good one, well, better than smth/ worthy/ meet the requirements. Eu? Fine? Eu. Okay/ thank you. Eu! Be kind/ please. Tu fenuEu. You look good. euEr is better than him. eu̯'ala better than all others.Al tu euUn But you are better. pol eu is the best, Hi euMi this suits me. eu'luun worthy of being loved. eu'lausun worthy of gratitude
europa European, Europe, European-style
ewentual obvious
fa amount, preposition denoting measure or quantity
fail file
fais real, true/ fact, actually, after all/ same
fal quality
famil family, family of smb/ including smb
famu, joun famous/ important
far four
facil easy, not difficult than smth
fei waiting, wait, waiting, waiting for smth/ smb
feliku, gai happy/ joyful, happiness/ lucky/ kind, happily, enjoy smth
fi similar/ corresponding, function/ operator/ morphism, instead of/ accordingly, like/ similar to
fil friendly, friend, friendly, be friends with smb / be a friend to smb
fo strong, strongman, strong, stronger than smth
forges forgetful, forgеt, forgetting, forget smth
friun owo fried eggs
gaun throw/ let fly, throwing, throw smth
gekto centenary, one hundred, hundred, hundred of smth
gen parent. geni parents.
general general, more general than smth
ger hold
german German, German, in German, to be a German for smb: germania Germany
ges get/ receive smth
gi big, giant, a lot, bigger/ more in mass than smth. Gi i group of giants > Gii giants. Gi ser i big group of stars ~ Mu ser i massive group of stars. Gisero i group of giant stars.
gjala bigger than others
go past/ earlier, past/ former, was, just as/ more ancient than/ before than smth: gogu lived. goenTerraa Lingu on, Dialeis on The whole earth had one language and one dialect. Ta Go That's gone. goba said. gois ate. gowi looked/ watched/ saw. Hi goDe du It was two days ago. In go 'hor koHi. She was here an hour ago. go'as last, the last one. go'as o minutu al last minute decision
gu animate/ alive, who/ animal, alive/ by birth/ vital, live/ dwell in smth/ inhabit smth
ha personal/ private, property, in fact, belonging to smb: Hi Ha this is personal. [/b]Hi a haIn.[/b] It all belongs to her. haKu?, Hi whose is this? haTu libru ashaMi I have your book. ha'mi my. ha'tu your
haha haha
hau, haun rich / possessive, owner / possessor, in a master's manner, have/ own smth. Mi hauAuto I have a car
hes six
hi indicated/ this, this one, here/ in this case, marked with smb: Hi Mi this is me. Mi Hi I'm here. Mi en Hi I'm in this place. hiTu o what you pointed to
hide today
hifa so much
ho that/ human, he/ she/ person/ person of a certain profession/ follower of teaching, humanely, spare smb/ as (and more) humane as smb. Ho sun son of man. aho everyone. hoa that's it. Ho! hoMi! Have mercy! Spare me!
hoi, publi them (inalienable), they/ people, according to them, they include smth
hor lasting an hour, an hour, for an hour/ per hour, how much on the clock: hor'tri at three o'clock
hu sleeping, a sleeper (not a *dream), asleep, see smb/ smth in a dream. kaHor hes hu riBo Sleeping less than six hours is dangerous. Mi wo'hu kusHi ai feli goti'noja ul, E mi gone'poEu hu. I am sleepy because those damn cats were fighting all night and I couldn't sleep well!
i composite/ complex, mathematical set/ <plural>, <iterative>/ use to/ several times, ⊇/ has more or the same elements as/ composed of. I mahin a complicated machine. Mahini machines. I radi complex root, Radii roots. i go happened more than once. la iPar assembled from parts
ia country. italia Italy. germania Germany.
in feminine, she/ woman, in a feminine way, smb's wife/ married with. inMi my wife
intel understand
inter between, among
interes interested in smth, interesun interesting for smb
ir upper/ high, height, up/ on top, above smth
is nourished, eater, sated, eat. Lupu isOwi the wolf kills a ship
issu, densu tooth/ teeth
isun nutritious/ edible, food/ foodstuffs/ grocery, eating, food for smb
iun < i un component, ⊆/ one of/ belong to the group/ set. iunUkraina from Ukraine/ citizen of Ukraine. iunLeksikon radi root from the dictionary
jar year. In Jar deka She is ten years old
je ice
jes yesterday
jo know, connoisseur/ expert, knowing, know smth/ smb/ be familiar with
ju young, child/ kid, childish, as young as/ younger than. jui children/ kids
jugoslau Yugoslavian, Yugoslav. jugoslawia Yugoslavia
jusSamenhou bar I swear by Zamenhof's beard!
ka small, lightweight/ dwarf, small (in mass, amount of substance), less than
kampu field
kar, minus negative / minus, opponent / enemy, in debt / in minus, the opposite of: euLas minusEu the best is the enemy of the good
karotu carrot/ encouragement/ treat, give/ hang/ promise a carrot/ motivate
karu gentle/ caress, sissy, gently/ affectionately, pet/ caress smb. seskoFenester ho golegiLibru; 'e karuKas. A man sitting by the window was reading a book and petting a cat.
kasju kitten
kau catch smth
ke start/ begin with smth
kees appearing, appear, appearing, appear to smb
kel fast/ quick, fast one/ smth fast, quickly, faster
kilo thousand
kir, kepu chief, head/ chief/ boss, mainly, dominate over/ be boss of smb
ko neighboring, neighbor, close/ almost, near/ be near smth
koi write/ type. kojun, teis text
komisi commission
komites committee
kongres congress
konkres, ta specific/ special, single object with clearly defined characteristics/ individual/ instance/ representative/ specificity/ concreteness, specifically/ in particular, specified by smb/ according to some characteristics
konsul consulting, consultant/ advisor, as advice, advise/ consult
kras tomorrow/ the next day
ku what?/ unknown, who/ what?, how?, how to relate to?/ what to do with? kugu what (living); kuho who (sapient). kuli how.
- Ku?, Hu Who's sleeping?
- Hu Wasja. Sleeping person is Vasya.
kuİn? Tu What is your relationship with her?
kufa how much
kujun < ku iun which
kultur cultural, culture, cultural, more cultural
kuri why
kus, riun so/ therefore/ means/ as a consequence, because/ since/ for the reason Eu kusSalu is suitable because he is healthy
la <active past participle>/ perfect, result/ outcome, finally, in the end/ ended with P. La ro rounded. Ku?, La what happened?
laba said. lada gave. lahu fell asleep. lais have eaten. lamer killed. lawi enSennaaria plas, laguTa found a plain in the land of Sennaar and settled there. hor tri o la it's been three hours already
lagu lake
las recent
laus grateful / thanking, thanks, gratefully, thanking smb
legi read. Ho legiLibru The person reads a book
li <repetition of the predicate> Ra'ta Euli! do it well. kuli unknown circumstance/ way/ manner, how/ in quality, ... Kuli? How are you? Li? Tu wi Do you see?
libru book
lingu, basu linguistic, tongue (organ, speech), tongue, speak with smth/ with the help of smth
lo long, length/ longitude, longly, longer
logi, grafi scientific, scientist/ science, scientifically/logically, more scientific/ logical
loku room
lu loving/ prejudiced/ not indifferent, lover/ appreciator/ - phil, preferably, love/ prefer/ highly appreciate smth/ smb: Mi luHi or Hi luunMi I like this
lunde Monday. no'on lunde o'men on the first Monday of the month.
man smart/ sapience/ thinking/ intelligent, thinker/ sapient one, mentally, think smth
mane morning, morning, in the morning, earlier
manun, idea imaginary, idea/ concept, mentally / in the mind, seem / introduce to smb
me average/ joint, middle/ comrade/ fellow cohabitant, mediocre/ together, near/ with/ between/ (going) for smb
memor remember, memory/ one who remembers, from memory, remember smth/ smb
mi (inalienable) mine, I / me, in my opinion, that I/ reports (about myself) that: Midos my daughter. Mi joEr I know him. Hi mi it's me. Inputting direct speech: Er ba miWi he says: "I see"
minus minus, see kar
minutu minute
mio mine
mobi moving/ pushing, moving something
modu way, method, mode of action, technique
momen moment
mon buy smth
monu pay to smb
monsu monetary/ payment/ currency, money/ means for purchase, paid/ for money, pay with smth
mu numerous, many: ho mu a lot of people. homu urbu a crowded city
muhau lu rich in love.
nal, ludu I play, performer, as if/as if/as if/as if/allegedly, pretending to be smb/ playing the role of smb. nal = wuun. Mi ne'po 'nal La ra I can't, but I pretend I did
nati national, nation
ne do not exist / absent / insignificant / zero, empty set / zero, in vain, not / without: Ne pauOn Zero is less than one. In neJo She doesn't know. ne'joun unknown. neMi a Everyone except me. Opposites are expressed by different roots: soi cold; ne'soi is not cold (not necessarily hot). gor hot; ne'gor is not hot (not necessarily cold). ne'mi without me
niphon Japanese. niphonia Japan
no nominal/ ordinal/ named/ with index, name/ proper noun/ title/ number, exactly/ nominally, name is/ number/ by name / number is Mi noSerhii My name is Serhii. noFi is called Fi. no'on (#1) first, no'du (#2) second, no'fin last
noi nocturnal, night, spend the night somewhere
non nine
nos our, we, in our opinion, input of direct speech plural. Res 'laba nos raBriku i! And they said to each other: let's make bricks. nos iTu we including you. nos neTu we without you
noso ours
nu new, news/ remake/ newbie, already, newer than
o suffix of priority of connection of previous roots, of/ in the role of a predicate changes the definition and is determined by places: Gi ser oi (giant stars) group. Kan o'wou neKou A dog that barks does not bite. Introduces the inalienable object: Hi oMi This is part of me / <inalienable> mine. Mi ounDos. I have a daughter. o'ku what of
oi eight
ol excellent, masterpiece, very, more/ superior to smth/ than smth than/ compare with smth. ne'ol not very. ol'ala more than all others
oma tumor
on single/ solitary/ unitary, one, once/ unique/ rarity, =. On minus'on one minus one. Lingu on, Dialeis on one language, one dialect, on manun only seems to be
or mouth
organis organize smth
os inflammation
osto bone/skeleton, reinforce smth
ou oh!
paper paper
par partial/ particular/ fractional, part/ particle/ piece/ fraction/ element, partially, divide/ separate smth/ smb/ be part of smth/ fractional numerals: On par'du 1/2. Aktual par o'senten actual part of the sentence
par on one-component / solid, monolith, simply, the only part of smth
pau simple/ from a small number of parts, smth uncomplicated, little/ a little in number/ amount
pen five
peu kitchen, cook, preparе food, see ra
piun drinking smth. piun riTu salu drink to your health.
po possible / potential / skillful / capable, potential / talent / professional, perhaps, can. Tu poEi. You can go
poin sorry, is to blame for smb. poino < poin + o regret smth. poinun < poin + un poinun apologize to smb, forgive smb
pol full/ whole, ideal/ limit, enough, is enough for. pol us full of water
pos future, plan, will, after/ later / after (time period): Pos! Bye! Pos wi! goodbye, pos'hor du in two hours
pro confirming, supporter, according to, leave/ in accordance with / agrees with smb / smth In ne'proMi she does not agree with me
prou let in
problema problem/ question/ task. ne'problema no problem
pre ask smth, prei ask smb, preu ask for
pregnaSun pregnant with son
A preposition is a predicate without predication.
presen introduce
programa program
propu suggest smth
publi public
pun accurate, point/ period, exactly, be exactly smth
ra labor, producer/ worker/ manufacturer, with difficulty, do/ try for the sake of/ make efforts for/ make smth/ force to be smth. ra'<> den stop/stop/close/turn off smth. ra'<> en'<> put in. ra'ki go to bed. ra'sta get up. ra'ses sit down. ra'<> u send
radi, urto radical, root, rooting, rooted in smth
randu random, occasion / happen random, by chance, smb smth/ happens with
raun, arti artificial/ done, composition/ artifact, artificially, made by smb
refer relative, relation, relatively, relate
repor reporting, to report. reporun a report
ri ⇒/ if/ targeted/ favorable, reason, for/ specifically in order to smth/ for the purpose of smth/ so/ increase the likelihood of smth/ contribute to smth/ risks (not *dangerous): Hi neRi, Ri Al It is not a reason, the reason is different; Man riEs I think, therefore I exist
riwi seeking/ looking, search, look for smth
roko chocolate
sa obligatory, obligor/ obligated, necessarily, smb should (do smth). Tu saEi! You should go!
sa = fejun < fei un smth is expected by smb
salu healthy, healthy one (not *health)
samu the same
samu same/ identical, the same/ identity, actually/ too, coincide with smth
satu well-fed
sauna sauna
se old, old thing/ man, still, older than. enRur se'inju the oldest girl in the village
seen to stay. Mi pos seenHi I'll stay here
seis sexual partner.
seku next, follower, consequence, follow smth/ smb
seri series
serte at least
seu seven
si active / (inalienable) one's own, oneself/ agent/ subject, actively, influence smth/ smb. Replaces the subject: Nos ra uSi no! Let's make a name for ourselves
siblin brother and/or sister
sinser frank/ sincere, revelation/ sincerity, frankly/ sincerely, more frank/ sincere
situ situation, position
shengen Schengen
son singing, singi/ singer, humming, sing smth
sper hope
studi study. studiEnglis study English
su instrumental/ helping/auxiliary, instrument/ means/ assistant, instrumentally/ with the help of smth, use smth
ses sitting, perpendicular, across, sitting on. su'karta by card
subu under
sukses have success/ have time/ can do = sperun
sur superficial, surface, superficially, on/ cover
swis Swiss: swisia Switzerland
ta, konkres <definite article>/ such, then/ that, there/ so/ in the case that is determined/ specified by smth. Object of speech. In Ta bel she is so beautiful. ta'analis revealed by analysis. go ta'randu was random (determined by chance). la ta'sinpu i defined by a number of symptoms. Seseni neLata seats are not marked
tain she
tali so
teater theater
teis un fabric
ter Mr./Ms.
terra Earth
terraa, uniwersu world, universe
terror terrible, horror, terrible, more terrible
tja < ti'a eternal, always
tje < ti'e again
tjes < ti'es ever
ti time. ti'ku? when?. tiKu?, Tu pos he What time will you be home? ti'ta that time, then. ti'ne never. tja < ti'a always. tje <ti'e again
tradui translate
tran behind, through, on the other side
tre tea
tri three. Nos Tri There are three of us. Nos Er tri We are three men
tro excessive / extreme, emergency/ excess, too/ excessively, exceed
tu your (inalienable), you/ gentleman should, in your opinion, they say you tueMi you and me. Jo tu'neSu! Confucius said: "A gentleman has no weapons."/ The teacher says: a noble man should not be a tool
tu yours (inalienable)
u directed, flow/ vector, directionally, to/ current to/ (dative). Uun final point/ beneficiary. ne'u not intentionally. u'ku where/ to whom, u'si (to) -self, u'hi here, u'ge down. Ku uHi. Someone is heading this way. A uTu is all for you
ui̯ in-law/ (from the side of) husband/ wife, spouse/ marriage, married
ul combative, battle, warlike, struggle/ fight
un passive / passive participle, object / repetition of the object, at the end of the predicate rearranges the actants / subject to smth: Kuun? Er laba what did he say? Mi raLingu. Un noFi I compose a language, it's called Fi
ur guts
uru, urbu city/ town
us, liku liquid, water, more liquid
wa centrifugal, centrifuge, in all directions, throw smth
wal valuable/ significant, price/ value, costly, worth how much/ what
wen < u'en entering/ incoming, entering one, entering/ penetrating, into. wen letter incoming letter
wendi selling, salesperson, for sale, sell
wendi selling, salesperson, nfo,kr sale,
wer, kres confident, adept, with faith, believe. werNo'on wi lu believe in love at first sight
werbu word
werun truthful/ true/ real/ genuine, right, correct
wesper evening/ night
wgei < u'gei away
wi sighted, viewer/ witness/ eyewitness/ observer, obviously, look/ see/ watch/ observe Mi wiEr. I look at him. Mi lawi I, who sees. aswiEr seeing him. wiun what is visible. wiUn the one who sees the object
wko < u'ko before/ approaching
wo want/ wish for
wre < u're back
wu would, conditional/subjunctive mood. Mi lara 'wu nePo I would do it, but I can't. wu = nalun