| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| fa | quantitative, | measure/ quantity, | habitually, | amount/ quantity so many pieces |
| ne | absent, | zero, | never, | without/ not smth |
| on | whole | one, | once/ only, | one to one / equal to smth |
| pau | simple, | few, | few times, | a little include smth |
| du | double, | two, | twice, | two, include smth |
| i | composite, | mathematical set, | several times/ iteratively, | ⊇/ consist of/ made up of units of measurement - pieces |
| mu | numerous/ complex, | many, | many times, | a lot, include smth |
| a | every, | all, | always, | all, include smth |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| ol | excellent, | masterpiece, | very, | more/ exceed smth/ smb, by smth (when comparing)/ surpass |
| eu, o'kei | good/ fine/ OK, | well done, | well, | better than smth/ smb/ meet the requirements (of smb) |
| go | previous/ earlier, | past/ bygone, | was/ were, | as much/ longer than/ earlier than smth |
| ro | round/ rounded, | circle/ ring/ hoop/ ball, | around/ round, | rounder than smth/ round as smth |
| ho | human, | he/ she/ person, | humanely, | spare/ care/ more humane than smb |
| pos | future, | plan, | will, | after/ later than smth/ in (period of time) |
| bu | become, | become, | become smth/ smb/ turn into smth, | (happen) sooner than smth |
| as, proses | current, | now/ happening/ currently, | simultaneously, | in the process/ while/ when/ simultaneously with smth |
| se | old, | old thing/ old man/ old woman, | still, | older than smth/ smb |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| mi | my, | I, | in my opinion/ to my mind/ to my thinking, | input of direct speech |
| tu | your, | you, | to you, | be told to do smth |
| nos | our, | we, | in our opinion, | input of direct speech |
| res | reciprocal, | they to each other, | reciprocally, | they say to each other |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| o | changes the definition and the thing defined in places, | suffix of the priority of the connection of the previous roots, | separator of the subject and unstressed definition, | inseparably relate to something |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| di | outgoing/ derivative/ ablative, | (postal) item, | departing, | out of source |
| el, djen | elative, | exit, | elatively, | from the inside of source |
| wi | sighted, | spectator/ witness/ eyewitness/ observer, | obviously, | see/ look/ watch stimulus |
| au | sound/ hearing, | hearing, | by ear, | hear/ listen to stimulus |
| na | sniffing, | sniff, | with nose, | snuff stimulus |
| sen | sensitive/ attentive/ responsive/ alert, | sensor/ guard, | attentive/ wary, | sens/ feel stimulus |
| gus | tasting, | tasting, | tasting, | taste stimulus |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| bau | informational, | informant/ source, | substantive, | notify/ inform to an addressee |
| dau | supplying/ transferring, | giver/ supplier/ donor/ sponsor/patron, | supplying/ transferring/ as a gift, | give to an addressee (beneficiary) |
| ha | personal/ private, | property, | personally, | belong to/ relate to a beneficiary |
| u | directed, | flow/ vector, | directed, | towards/ current towards/ to a goal |
| ei | walking/ moving/ mobile, | pedestrian/ transport, | mobile, | go to a goal |
| es | ∃/ <indefinite article>/ some/ real, | exist/ manifest itself/ something/ indefinite personal pronoun, | obviously/ really, | influence/ be to/ reveal itself to an experiencer |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| ba | conversational, | speaker/ lecturer/ orator/ voice, | verbally, | speak/tell/ talk/ say smth/ about a theme |
| da | exchange/ mutual, | giving, | mutually, | give a theme |
| e | and/ additional, | supplement, | again/ also, | plus/ with a theme |
| nal, ludu | playing, | performer/ play, | as if/ as if/ as if/ supposedly, | pretend to be/ play the role of a theme |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| la | active past participle/ completed/ perfective, | result/ outcome, | finally, | get a patient as a result |
| li | repetition of the predicate as an attribute, | repetition of the predicate as an actant, | repetition of the predicate as an adverbial modifier, | is an objective predicate |
| no | nominal/ ordinal/ named/ with index, | name/ proper name/ title/ number, | namely/ nominally, | call/ name/ number/ by what name/ what number/ is named after a patient |
| ra | working/ trade, | producer/ worker/ manufacturer, | with difficulty, | try for the sake of/ make an effort for/ do/ make/ make/ cause to be a patient |
| ri | ⇒/ if/ aimed/ favorable, | reason, | specifically, | so that/ with the purpose of/ in order to/ increase the probability of/ contribute to smth/ risk/ increase the probability of a patient |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| hi | indicated/ here/ this, | this, | here/ in this case, | is specified/ marked by an agent |
| ku | what?/ unknown, | who/ what?, | how?, | how is it related to?/how is it connected with? |
| kus | reasonable, | so/ therefore/ the reason, | reasonably/ therefore, | because/ since/ after all/ because of/ for the reason of/ because a reason |
| ta | there/ <definite article>/ such, | that, | there/ so/ in the case that, | is is determined/ specified by an agent |
| un | passive/ passive participle, | object/ repetition of object, | passively/ objectively, | is an object/ at the end of the predicate rearranges actants/ is object to smth |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| su | instrumental/ auxiliary, | tool/ instrument/ means, | instrumentally/ with the help of smth, | use smth |
| lingu, basu | linguistic, | language (organ, speech), | language, | speak with smth/ with the help of smth |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| en | internal, | place, | inside, | be somewhere/ in a place |
| ko | neighboring/ nearby, | neighbor/ nearby, | close, | at/ near a place/ nearby to smth |
| gu | animate/ alive, | who/ animal, | alive/ by birth/ vitally, | live in a place/ reside/ inhabit where/ inhabit what |
| noi | night/ nocturnal, | night, | at night, | spend the night in a place |
| ia | national/ regional/ local, | state/ country/ region/ nation/ locality, | national/ local, | live in a country |
| uru | urban, | city, | city-style, | live in a city |
| tra | through/ transitional, | transition/ through, | cross/ through/ across, | through/ across |
| wia | road/ longitudinal, | path/ road/ route, | longitudinally, | along |
| Roots of Fi, with synonyms | In the role of attribute, | In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate), | In the role of adverbial modifier, | In the role of transitive predicate head |
| ti | temporary/ temporal, | time, | temporally, | at the time of/ during smth |
| data | , | , | , | at the year, month, day (of time) |
| jar | annual, | year, | by year/ on an annual basis, | at the year (of time) |
| men | monthly, | month, | by month/ on a monthly basis, | at the month (of time) |
| de | , | , | , | at the day of the week (of time) |
| hor | , | , | , | |
| minutu | , | , | , |
| Fi | |
| Type | Analitic with high roots-per-word ratio |
| Alignment | Direct. A, O and an intransitive predicate are separate words. A transitive predicate is formed as a proclitic of O |
| Head direction | Final |
| Tonal | 3 syntactic tones |
| Declensions | No. There are no mandatory declension paradigms. Roots of grammatical categories can be added to the actant, but this is not necessary |
| Conjugations | No. Roots of grammatical categories can be added to the predicate, but there are no obligatory conjugation paradigms |
| The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables into one, and leaving out verbs and participles, because in reality all things imaginable are but nouns. JONATHAN SWIFT Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver, 1st a Surgeon and then a Captain of Several Ships |
| Place → Manner ↓ | Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||
| Fricative | f | s | h | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||
| Trill | r |
| Front | Central | Back | |
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Syllables have the structure (C)V(S), where (C) is an optional initial cluster; V – vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/; (S) - allowed codas: /i̯/, /l/, /n/, /r/, /s/, /u̯/. | Roots from one vowel are: i, e, a, o, u. The similarity of consonants /j/, /w/ and non-syllabic vowels /i̯/, /u̯/ requires an additional rule: - non-syllabic /j/, /w/ before vowel are written j, w. For example, je, jes, jo, ju, tja, tje, wen, wi, wo, wu; - non-syllabic /i̯/, /u̯/ after vowel are written i, u. For example, eu, pau, hau, hoi, bau, ei, dau |
| There cannot be two sonants in a coda, but there can be two syllables | baun /ˌbaˑ.un./, beun /ˌbeˑ.un/, daun /ˌdaˑ.un/, fail /ˌfaˑ.il/, gois /ˌgoˑ.is/, lais /ˌlaˑ.is/, tain /ˌtaˑ.in/, laus /ˌlaˑ.us/, poin /ˌpoˑ.in/, etc |
| In Fi, the root is the only type of morpheme | For example, here are roots from one syllable: mi, es, ta, go, la, ne, tu, en, ho, nos, pos, ha, di, ku, al, no, sa, ba, er, po, ri, me, nal, ra, hi, nu, on, ir, du, ol, da, is, in, mu, fa, jar, tri, ka, pen, as, si, etc. |
| One of the root syllables has a secondary dynamic stress: /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/. The remaining syllables are unstressed: /(C)V(S)/ | In free-standing roots, the stress on the first syllable is not indicated. For example, kuho, minus, deka, kuli, esfa, basu, etc. The apostrophe (') is written before the non first secondary stressed syllable. For example, еn'ku, еn'ta, еn'hi, ti'ku, ha'mi, ha'tu, ti'es, ti'ne, su'karta, ne'mi, no'on, no'du, etc. |
| The word is marked by a pause before it and the intensification of one of its stressed syllables /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/ to primary stress /ˈ(C)Vː(S)/. The part of a word beginning with a stressed root is called an actant. The part of the word before the stressed root is a predicate. The topic word is pronounced without intonation, | The roots of the word are written separately. The syllable with primary stress is written with a capital letter. For example: noFi, Internati foneti alfabes, Aktual par o'senten, studiEnglis (no and studi are predocates) |
| the comment word - with intonation. Primary stress and intonation are markers of predicativity. Rising intonation /˨˦/ differs interrogative comment; | After the word with rising intonation, a question mark (?) is written. For example: Eu? (Is it) OK? Salu? (Are you) healthy? |
| Descending intonation /˥˦/ differs affirmative one; | After the falling intonation there is a dot (.). For example: Eu. Thanks (liteally: Fine!). Salu. (Yes, I'm) healthy |
| Flat high tone /꜓/ differs incentive one | After flat high intonation there is an exclamation mark (!). For example: Eu! Please! (literally: Be kind) Salu! Hello! (literally: Be healthy) |
| Attribute is non-final root of actant | Translation: Atribus neFin radi o'aktan (neFin and o'aktan are attributes) |
| Head of actant is its final root(s) | Translation: Aktan kapu Si fin radi(i) (kapu and fin radi(i) are heads of actants) |
| Adverbial modifier is non-final root of predicate | For example: goenTeraa Lingu on; E dialeis on. (go is adverbial modifier) The whole earth had one language and one dialect. |
| Head of predicate is its final root(s) | For example: diOstu hoi lawi enSenaria plas; e laguTa (en and gu are heads of predicate). Moving from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. |
| Attributive combination of roots: first a stressed attribute, then without a pause a head of actant | The root /o/ in the role of a preposition changes the attribute and the head in places | Simple sentence: Topic word (and without an auxiliary verb) Comment word | A subordinate sentence is an attributive combination of roots in the same order as in a simple sentence |
| Arti lingu /ˌar.ti.lin.gu/ an artificial language | Lingu o'arti /ˌliˑn.gu.oˌaˑr.ti/ the language that is artificial | Lingu Arti. /'liːn.gu 'aːr.ti˥˦/ The language is artificial. | Lingu arti /ˌlin.gu̯aˑr.ti/ artificiality of language = that the language is artificial |
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