Цитировать1.1. Turko-Mongolian contacts.Отсюда можно предположить, что обсуждаемый нами переход мог быть обусловлен монгольским влиянием. Возможно что через субстрат: многие монг. племена переселились в Казахстан: найманы, меркиты и др.
It has been convincingly demonstrated by several authors (in a most
detailed way by Clark 1980) that there are no (or almost no) Mongolian
loanwords in Early Old Turkic, i.e. before the 13th century A.D. How-
ever, already in the Secret History of Mongols (13th c.) we find a number
of identifiable Turkic loanwords. Logically enough, in Late Old Turkic,
Middle Turkic and modern Turkic languages we also find a large
number of Mongolisms.
This can only mean that Turko-Mongolian contacts started in the
13th century, and there were no direct contacts before that time.
But there is also a large number of Turko-Mongolian matches that
cannot be explained as post-13th century loans. This fact was acknowl-
edged by most critics of the Altaic theory, and a bold attempt was
made by Doerfer to explain such matches as being prehistoric loans
from Turkic into Mongolian (for Altaicists, of course, such matches rep-
resent rather common inherited vocabulary).
Let us formulate the criteria that distinguish early Turkic borrow-
ings in Mongolian loans from the inherited vocabulary ( = prehistoric
loans in Doerfer's terminology).
1. The words involved are attested in Turkic before the 13th century;
2. They appear in Mongolian in a form typical for 13th century Uy-
ghur/Karakhanide Turkic
The latter criterion means that in the donor language the following
changes occurred, compared with Proto-Turkic: a) voiced *d-, *g- > *t-,
*k-; b) *ĺ, *ŕ > *š, *z; c) long vowels and diphthongs disappeared.
The most obvious criterion here is b), since the correspondences
Turk. *ĺ (>š) : Mong. s and Turk. *ŕ (>z): Mong. z, ǯ, s only occur within
this layer of loanwords (see Clark 1980). Let us take a closer look at
such cases:
PT *jāĺɨl 'green, greens' (OT jašɨl): WMong. jasil 'buckthorn'
PT *gEŕik 'turn, order' (OT kezik): WMong. kesig 'wake, turn' (already in
MMong. as kešik)
PT *gEŕ- 'to walk, walk through' (OT kez-): WMong. kesü-, kese- 'to
wander, roam'
PT *eĺi 'lady, beg's consort' (OT iši): WMong. esi 'empress' (MMong. esi)
PT *seŕik 'feeling' (OT sezik): WMong. sesig
PT *(i)āĺ-ru 'exceedingly' (OT ašru): WMong. asuru
PT *dūĺ- 'to meet' (OT tuš-): WMong. tus(u)-
PT *kīĺ 'sable' (OT kiš): WMong. er-kis 'male sable', ebsi-gis 'female sable'
PT *Koĺ 'pair' (OT qoš): WMong. qos(i) (MMong. qoši) id.
PT *Koĺ 'hut, camping' (MK qoš 'family'): WMong. qos(i) (also qošlɨɣ >
WMong. qosiliɣ)
PT *jüŕüm 'grape' (OT üzüm, jüzüm) > WMong. üǯüm
PT *jmiĺč 'vegetable(s)' : MMong. (HY) ǯemiši
PT *Kạĺčɨ- 'to scrape' (OT qašɨ-), *Kạĺčɨ-gu 'scraper' (e.g. Chag. qašaɣu):
MMong. qaši'ur 'scraper'
PT *biĺč-, *bɨĺč- (OT biš-) 'to become boiled', *bɨĺč-lak 'smth. boiled' >
WMong. bis(i)laɣ, basilaɣ 'a k. of home cheese'
PT *Kar-ĺɨ 'opposite' (OT qaršɨ) > WMong. qarsi
PT *uluĺ 'country, city' (OT uluš) > WMong. ulus
PT *jạĺ- 'blaze', *jạĺɨn 'lightning' (OT jašu-, jašɨn) > WMong. jašin id.
PT *jEŕ 'copper' > WMong. ǯes id.
PT *boĺ 'free, empty', *boĺan- 'to become empty, poor' (OT boš, bošan-) >
WMong. busani- id.; *boĺug 'permission' (OT bošuɣ) > WMong. bošuɣ
id.
PT *aŕɨg 'fang' > MMong. *aǯuɣ (ačuɣ in Uygh. script)
PT *bogaŕ 'pregnant' (OT boɣaz) : WMong. boɣus
PT *KĀĺ 'jade' (OT qaš): WMong. qas(i) (MMong. qaši)
PT *diĺ 'vessel' (OT eδiš): WMong. idis(i) id.
PT *Kebiŕ 'carpet' (OT kebiz): WMong. kebis id.
PT *keleŕ / *keler 'lizard' (OT keler): WMong. keles
PT *arbɨĺ 'magic' (OT arvɨš): WMong. arbis 'knowledge'
PT *duĺa- 'to hobble', *duĺak 'hobble' (OT tuša-, tušaq): WMong. tuša-,
tusi- 'to hobble', MMong. tušaɣa 'hobble'
PT *Kaĺaŋ 'lazy' (OT qašaŋ): WMong. qašaŋ id.
PT *Köĺi- 'to screen', *Köĺi-ge 'shadow' (OT köši-, köšige): MMong. köši-,
köšige
From these loans we may infer that:
1. OT š ( < *ĺ) is rendered in Mong. as s, frequently followed by optional
-i (Mongolian lacked a phonological distinction between š and s, but s
was pronounced as š before i); sometimes we find -š- in front of other
vowels (bošuɣ, tuša-) - an obvious feature of incompletely adapted
loanwords;
2. OT z ( < *ŕ) is also usually rendered as s, but in a few cases—as ǯ;
3. Initial j- is rendered either as j- (jasil, jašin) or as ǯ- (ǯemiši, ǯes). This
may reflect dialectal variation within Turkic (note that many modern
languages also display the variation j-/ǯ- < PT *j-) or an OT articulation
like *-;
4. No voiced initial consonants - except b - are present in this layer of
loans, which is quite consistent with OT phonology;
5. Turkic syllabic structure is retained with the following details:
a) verbal stems usually add a vowel (kez- > kese-, kesü-; tuš- > tus(u)-);
this is explained by the fact that Mong. has very few monosyllabic
verbal stems.
b) polysyllabic nominal stems usually do not, but occasionally also add
one (tušaq > tušaɣa);
c) monosyllabic nominal stems never add a vowel (except the parasitic
-i after -s- - to render Turkic š);
6. vowels are usually quite faithfully retained - except ɨ which is regu-
larly rendered by i (of course there is occasional variation between o
and u, and of weak vowels in the non-initial syllable);
7. voiced intervocalic consonants are rendered as voiced (notably -g- is
rendered as -ɣ- > -0- in boɣaz > boɣus, cf. Kalm., Dag. bōs).
Цитата: Karakurt от сентября 27, 2012, 16:41а почему это связываете с монгольским языком?
й-ж к монголам отношения не имеет. ш-с - возможно. и?
Цитата: Karakurt от сентября 27, 2012, 00:14на изменение которые создали в казахском такие переходы как й-ж и ш-с.
Вы о чем? Что значит решающий?
Цитата: Karakurt от сентября 26, 2012, 23:43а почему именно монголы? ведь собственно монголоязычных в современном смысле этого слова не было много, по крайней мере большинством не были. а что если это влияние не от монголов (в современном смысле) а какие то восточные тюрки которые на этой волне пришли и их речь повлияло так? ведь если бы монгольский язык был бы решающим, то просто перешли бы на нее.
В соседней теме об этом речь. Вероятно 13 век и позднее. Монголы часто меняли тюрк. ш на с, но не все. Кстати, среди заимствованных тюркизмов есть как на й-, так и на дж-.
Цитировать"Ногайский" переход -ш- > -с-, -ч- > -ш-, отмечаемый в мелетско-чулымском (в сагайско-бельтирском дальнейшее совпадение -с-, -ш- > -с/з-)— взято с другого форума. Может, казахский и чулымский ближайшие родственники? Сам переход от субстрата. Кимаки?
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