Турецкий

[Ömer]

7.2.2.2 Suffixes that attach to nominals to form nominals
часть 1

A few of these suffixes are of Arabic or Persian origin. Words containing Arabic and
Persian suffixes are increasingly giving way to their synonyms of Turkish origin.
-(A)C Attaches to nouns to form adjectives: anaç 'motherly', kıraç 'infertile'.
-
(A/I)cIK
See -CAK
-(A)K Attaches to adjectives to form adjectives: solak 'left-handed', kurak 'arid'.
-(A)l Attaches to nouns to form adjectives: yerel 'local', ulusal 'national', yasal 'legal'. This
suffix was introduced as part of the language reform movement alongside -sAl, and has
the same function.
-(A)n Attaches to nouns or adjectives to form nouns: köken 'origin', düzen 'system'.
-ane A suffix of Persian origin (pronounced [a:nέ]) which attaches to nouns borrowed from
Arabic and Persian to form adjectives: şairane 'poetic', dostane 'friendly'.
-(A)rI The spatial nominals iç 'inside' and dış 'outside' can be used in their bare form only as
adjectives (e.g. iç taraf 'inner part', dış kapı 'outer door'). Otherwise they always have to
have possessive marking (e.g. evin içi 'the inside of the house'). The addition of the
derivational suffix -(A)rI allows these words to appear on their own and to be casemarked:
dışarı (çık-) '(go) outside'.
-(A)t Attaches to nouns or adjectives to form nouns or adjectives: özet 'summary', başat
'dominant'.
-(A)y Attaches to nouns to form adjectives: güney 'south'.
-baz A suffix of Persian origin which is added to nouns to form nouns: cambaz 'acrobat',
düzenbaz 'cheat'.
-CA (unstressable) This is a productive suffix which:
(i) creates adjectives
(a) from nouns, meaning 'characteristic of a ...', describing actions or attitudes:
çocukça 'childish', aptalca 'idiotic'
(b) from the pluralized form of a 'round' numeral, expressing a large number in
an
imprecise fashion: binlerce 'thousands of' yüzlerce 'hundreds of', or of a measure
expression, again suggesting a large amount: kilolarca 'kilograms of', hektarlarca
'acres of'
(ii) creates nouns, adjectives or adverbs denoting a language from nouns of nationality:
Japonca '(in) Japanese', Isveççe '(in) Swedish'
(iii) creates adverbs (see 16.1.6 for details).
Also combines with the verbal noun suffix -mA (see -mAcA (7.2.1.1)).
-CA (stressable) Reduces the intensity of adjectives: güzelcé 'prettyish', hızlıcá 'quite fast',
küçükçé 'rather small'. The same function is more often performed by a modifying
adverbial of degree such as oldukça 'quite' (16.5).
-CAK, -
CAgIz,
-CIK, -(A/I)cIk are all diminutive suffixes which a used for expressing endearment and/or
pity. The choice of the appropriate suffix is not predictable: çocukcağız 'the poor/dear
child', kedicik 'the poor/dear little cat', kuşcağız 'the little birdie', yavrucak 'the poor
child'. -CIK also (i) indicates smallness: sözcük 'word', adacık 'little island', (ii)
unproductively combines with adjectives which contain (unstressable) -CA, as in
yakíncacık 'close by', hémencecik 'immediately', usually with the effect of emphasizing
the quality expressed by the adjective. In the same way, -(A/I)cIK, both of which are
unstressable, are added to adjectives, intensifying the degree of diminutiveness they
express: dáracık 'very narrow', ázıcık 'very little', kǘçücük 'tiny'.
-CAK Apart from its diminutive usage mentioned above, this suffix derives:
(i) adjectives from adjectives (synonymous with adjectival (stressable) -CA): büyücek
'rather large' from büyük 'large'
(ii) nouns from nouns: oyuncak 'toy', or from verbs: salıncak 'swing'
(iii) (in colloquial registers) adverbs from nouns: evcek 'the whole household together',
mahallecek 'as a neighbourhood' (in contexts such as 'We objected as a
neighbourhood')
(iv) occasionally adverbs from adverbs indicating haste: çabucak 'very quickly' (from
çabuk 'quickly').
-CAnA Colloquial form of unstressable (adverbial) -CA: güzelcene 'nicely', yavaşçana 'slowly',
kolaycana 'easily'.
-CAsI (-CA+3rd person possessive) Unproductive composite suffix which forms modal adverbs
(16.3): hakçası 'in truth', 'frankly', erkekçesi 'honestly'.
-
CAsInA
Derives manner adverbs from adjectives with a negative connotation: aptalcasına
'stupidly', salakçasına 'like a twit', see also 8.5.2.2.
-CI A productive suffix which, when added to nouns, forms:
(i) nouns indicating a person associated with a profession: güreşçi 'wrestler', lokantacı
'restaurant owner', Almancacı 'German teacher'. Also occurs in the question word
neci used to inquire about someone's occupation.
(ii) nouns or adjectives indicating ideological adherence to a person, cause or idea:
devrimci 'revolutionary', gerici 'reactionary'
(iii) nouns indicating a person engaged in a particular activity: yolcu 'traveller', kapkaççı
'snatch-and-run thief'
(iv) nouns indicating one who likes or is in the habit of consuming a particular type of
food or drink: içkici 'boozer', tatlıcı 'someone with a sweet tooth'
(v) adjectives indicating the habitual involvement of a person with the entity denoted by
the root: palavracı 'liar', 'lying (person)', şüpheci 'sceptical (person)'.
See also -(y)IcI, the counterpart of -CI which is added to verbs, 7.2.1.1.
-CIl Added to nouns to form adjectives and nouns, this suffix indicates love or affinity
towards what is denoted by the stem: insancıl 'humane', 'philanthropic', evcil
'domesticated', öncül 'premise'. It is also added to the pronoun ben 'I': bencil 'selfish'.
-DA Added to nouns to form nouns and adjectives: gözde 'favourite'.
-DAm Added to nouns to form nouns: gündem 'agenda', yöntem 'method'.
-DAn Added to nouns or adjectives to form adjectives and nouns: sıradan 'ordinary', neden
'reason', içten 'sincere', toptan 'wholesale'.
-dan A suffix of Persian origin which is attached to nouns to form nouns: şamdan
'candlestick', cüzdan 'wallet'.
-dar A suffix of Persian origin which is attached to nouns to form (i) nouns: kasadar 'cashier';
(ii) adjectives: dindar 'religious'.

[Ömer]

часть 2

-Daş/-
Deş
Added to nouns to form nouns denoting possessors of a shared attribute: yandaş
'supporter', kardeş 'sibling' (from karın 'abdomen'), meslektaş 'colleague (i.e. person of
the same profession)'.
-en An unstressable Arabic suffix which is attached to nouns to form adverbs: şahsen
'personally', hakikaten 'really'.
-engiz A suffix of Persian origin which is added to nouns to form adjectives: esrarengiz
'mysterious', dehşetengiz 'awesome'.
-gen Added to numerals to form names given to geometric figures: dörtgen 'quadrilateral',
altıgen 'hexagon'.
-gil This suffix indicates group membership, especially when referring to species of animals
or plants, and is used with the plural suffix: baklagiller 'legumes', turunçgiller 'citrus
fruits'. In non-standard usage it may also refer to human groups, being attached to (i)
proper names: Ahmetgil 'Ahmet and his family/group', and (ii) nouns indicating family
members (in which case -gil is preceded by a possessive suffix: amcasıgil 'his/her uncle
(and his family)'.
-(h)ane The word hane 'house', borrowed from Persian, appears as a suffix in words denoting
places (pronounced [a:nέ]): hastahane 'hospital', pastane 'cake shop', kayıkhane 'boat
house'.
-I This suffix forms adverbs of time from the pluralized form of nominals denoting time:
sabahları 'in the morning(s)', önceleri 'formerly' (see 16.4.1.1 (63)).
-(I)msAr Attaches to adjectives to form adjectives: iyimser 'optimistic', karamsar 'pessimistic'.
-(I)msI Attaches to nouns or adjectives to form adjectives expressing similarity to the entity
denoted by the root noun: barakamsı 'shed-like', meyvamsı 'fruity' (see also -sI below)
-
(I)mtraK
Attaches to adjectives which express colour and taste, to express approximation to what
that adjective denotes: mavimtrak 'bluish', ekşimtrak 'sourish'.
-(I)ncI Added to cardinal numbers to derive ordinal numbers: ikinci 'second', yüzüncü
'hundredth' (15.7.2). Also used with the question word kaç 'how many' to inquire about
the number of a particular item in an ordered list: kaçıncı (gün) 'which (day)', and
optionally with son 'last': sonuncu 'last'.
-istan A Persian suffix which forms names of countries or regions: Macaristan 'Hungary',
Arabistan 'Arabia'.
-(I)t Forms adjectives and nouns: eşit 'equal', karşıt 'opposite'.
-iye An Arabic suffix which forms nouns: maliye 'public finance', Harbiye 'Military Academy'.
-iyet An Arabic suffix which forms nouns: maliyet 'cost', medeniyet 'civilization'.
-(I)z Attaches to numerals to
indicate (a member of) a group
of siblings born in a single
birth: dördüz 'quadruplet(s)',
ikiz 'twin(s)'.
-kar
A suffix of Persian origin (pronounced [ ] which is added to nouns to form nouns
indicating a person associated with a profession or occupation: sanatkar 'artist', hizmetkar
'servant'.
-lA Attaches to nouns to designate a place associated with the concept in the root: yayla
'plateau' (from yay (obs.) 'summer'), tuzla 'salt mine'. This suffix is unstressable, and
stress remains on the root.
-lAm Attaches to nouns to derive nouns: denklem 'equation', önlem 'precaution'.
-
lAmA
Attaches to nouns to derive nouns or adverbs: gözleme 'pancake', şekerleme 'crystallized
fruit', 'nap', balıklama (atla-) '(dive) head-first'.
-
leyin
Unstressable suffix attaching to terms denoting times of the day to derive adverbials:
sabahleyin 'in the morning', geceleyin 'at night' (see also -(y)In below).
-lI This a productive suffix which derives:
(i) nouns and adjectives where the entity described possesses, is characterized
by, or is provided with the object or quality expressed by the stem:
(a) from nouns and adjectives: atlı 'horseman', 'horsedrawn',
sevgili 'lover', 'dear', akıllı 'clever', mavili 'in blue', hızlı
'rapid'. Also occurs in the question word neli, used to
inquire about the attribute of something (e.g. neli
dondurma 'what kind of ice cream').
(b) from nouns of place and locative pronouns (18.3.1) to
indicate a person belonging to or coming from that place:
üniversiteli 'university student', Londralı 'Londoner',
köylü 'villager', buralı 'from here'. Also occurs in the
question word nereli 'from where', used to ask about a
person's country (or town, etc.) of origin.
(c) from numerals to indicate groups made of items
containing that number of objects: üçlü 'threesome', 'trio',
altılı 'sextet'.
(ii) adjectival phrases from noun phrases, which express that the entity described possesses, is
characterized by, or is provided with the object or quality expressed by the noun phrase:
kısa saçlı 'short-haired', dört çocuklu 'with four children', mavi elbiseli 'in a blue dress',
bindokuzyüzlü yıllar 'the nineteen hundreds'. If the adjectival phrase thus formed is
derived from a -(s)I compound (10.2), the compound marker -(s)I is deleted before -lI is
added: deniz manzaralı 'with a sea view' (cf. deniz manzarası 'sea view'), üç yatak odalı
'three-bedroomed' (cf. yatak odası 'bedroom').
The double usage of this suffix, -lI...-lI, produces adjectives: kızlı oğlanlı (bir grup) '(a group)
of girls and boys', or adverbs: geceli gülndüzlü (çalış-) '(work) day and night'.
-
lIK
This productive suffix derives:
(i) nouns from nouns, adjectives or adverbs to indicate:
(a) the state relating to a particular concept: krallık 'kingship', sağırlık 'deafness', iyilik
'goodness', çabukluk 'speed'
(b) an application, embodiment or institutionalization of the concept in question: krallık
'kingdom', iyilik 'good deed', askerlik 'military service'
(c) an object or garment associated with a body part: gözlük 'spectacles', başlık
'headgear'
(d) a storage place or container for a particular type of object: odunluk 'woodshed',
kitaplık 'bookcase', pabuçluk 'shoe rack'
(e) a place where the entity denoted by the root noun is found collectively: zeytinlik
'olive grove', mezarlık 'cemetery'
(f) a person whose relationship is analogous to the blood relationship indicated by the
root noun: analık 'stepmother', evlatlık 'child servant'
(g) a banknote: onluk 'tenner'.
(ii) adjectives which indicate:
(a) when added to nouns, suitability for the type of entity denoted by the root: dolmalık
'for stuffing', elbiselik 'for a dress', karakolluk 'requiring police intervention'
(b) when added to nouns denoting periods of time, recurrent production or
occurrence: günlük 'daily', aylık 'monthly'
(c) when added to numerals, the approximate age of a person: ellilik 'in (his/her)
fifties', or the value or price of something: yüz milyonluk 'worth a hundred
million'.
(iii) adjectival phrases from quantitative expressions of the form numeral+noun, which
according to the meaning of this noun can express weight, length, capacity, duration,
value, price, etc.: beş kiloluk 'weighing five kilos', üç saatlik 'three-hour', iki kişilik
'suitable for two people', beş yüz milyon liralık 'worth five hundred million lira'.
-
mAn
Forms adjectives and nouns with idiosyncratic meanings: sarman 'ginger' (used of cats),
toraman 'sturdy', katman 'layer' (see also -mAn in 7.2.1.1).
-rA Unstressable suffix which attaches to demonstrative pronouns and ne 'what', to form locative
pronouns (18.3.1) bura- 'here', ora- 'there', nere- 'where'. In some dialects these can appear
on their own, but in standard Turkish they must combine with one of the nominal inflectional
suffixes (the plural suffix, case and person suffixes).
-
sAK
Forms nouns: tümsek 'mound', bağırsak 'intestine' (see also -sAk in 7.2.1.1).
-sAl A suffix introduced as part of the language reform to replace the Arabic suffix -(v)i, it
attaches to nouns to form adjectives that express the notion of relationship to the concept
denoted by the root noun: tarihsel 'historic(al)', yapısal 'structural', küresel 'global'. In rare
cases it also forms nouns: kumsal 'sandy beach'. See also -sAl in 7.1.1.
-sI Like -(I)msI and -(I)mtrak, this suffix expresses approximation to a particular quality. Added
only to nouns to form adjectives: kadınsı 'feminine', çocuksu 'naïve'.
-sIl Forms adjectives: yoksul 'poor', varsıl 'wealthy'.
-sIz This productive suffix is added to
(i) nouns to form adjectives denoting that the entity described lacks whatever is expressed
by the root: parasız 'penniless', 'free (of charge)', eşsiz 'unequalled', sınırsız
'unlimited'
(ii) nouns and pronouns to form adverbs denoting the non-involvement in an event of
whatever is
expressed by the root: arabasız 'without a/the car', parasız 'free of charge', 'without
paying', sensiz 'without you'
(iii) nouns to form nouns (a rare usage): ↓aynasız (slang) 'police officer', telsiz 'wireless',
'walkietalkie', Hamursuz 'Passover'.
-
(ş)Ar
This distributive suffix is added productively to numerals (15.7.3): üçer (kişi) 'three (people)
each', onaltışar (kitap) 'sixteen (books) each', and to the question word kaç 'how many':
kaçar 'how many each'. When combining with yarım 'half', the initial consonant remains:
yarımşar 'half each'.
-tay Added to nouns to form nouns denoting an institution: Yargıtay 'Supreme Court' (see also -
tay in 7.2.1.1).
-tI Added to onomatopoeic stems to form nouns: gıcırtı 'squeak', takırtı 'rattle', gürültü
'noise'.
-vari A suffix of Persian origin (pronounced [va:rí:]) but going out of usage: gangstervari
'gangsterlike', Amerikanvari 'American-style'. Both vowels in this suffix are long.
-(v)i An Arabic suffix (pronounced [vi:]) which forms adjectives: milli 'national', resmi 'official',
hukuki 'legal' ananevi 'traditional'.
-(y)A An Arabic suffix which indicates feminine gender: müdire 'female director'. Also appears
on names given to women: Aliye, Fazıla.
-
(y)at
An Arabic suffix which forms nouns: tahkikat 'investigation', ihracat 'exports', maddiyat
'material things'.
-
(y)In
Unstressable suffix which attaches to terms denoting seasons, deriving adverbials: yazın 'in
(the) summer', kışın 'in (the) winter' (see also -leyin above).
-zede A suffix of Persian origin, which when added to nouns forms nouns indicating the victim of
some catastrophic event: depremzede 'earthquake victim', felaketzede 'victim of a (certain)
disaster'.

[TestamentumTartarum]

Базовых аффиксов довольно немного в тюркских

Вот список только деривационных аффиксов:

7.2.1 SUFFIXES THAT ATTACH TO VERBS

7.2.1 SUFFIXES THAT ATTACH TO VERBS
Suffixes that attach to verbs create new words which are either nominals (noun, adjective
or adverb) or verbs.

7.2.1.1 Suffixes that attach to verbs to form nominals

Nominal-forming suffixes that combine with verbs mostly create words that function
primarily as nouns. They may also create adjectives, and in rare instances adverbs. Most
suffixes of this type are unproductive.
-A Forms nouns: süre 'time span', yara 'wound'. Less commonly it forms adverbs: geçe
'past' as in ikiyi çeyrek geçe 'quarter past two'.
-(A)C Forms nouns: süreç 'process', kaldıraç 'pulley', bağlaç 'conjunction'.
-(A)cAn Forms adjectives: sevecen 'loving'.
-AğAn/-
AgAn
Forms adjectives. The more frequently used form is the one containing 'ğ': olağan
'usual', durağan 'still', gezegen 'planet' (see also -GAn below).
-(A)K Forms (i) nouns, usually denoting concrete objects: elek 'sieve', adak 'sacrifice',
kayak 'ski'; (ii) adjectives: ürkek 'timid', korkak 'cowardly'.
-(A)l Forms (i) nouns: okul 'school', kural 'rule'; (ii) adjectives: sanal 'virtual'.
-(A)m Forms nouns: kuram 'theory', dönem 'period', anlam 'meaning'.
-(A)mAK Forms nouns: basamak 'step', kaçamak 'evasion'.
-(A)nAK Forms nouns: tutanak 'minutes', ödenek 'subsidy', görenek 'custom'.
-(A/I)r Forms:
(i) nouns: keser 'adze', yarar 'benefit', 'use', gelir 'income'
(ii) adjectives: çalar saat 'alarm clock', okuryazar 'literate'
(iii) adjectival clauses: uzaktan farkedilebilir bir renk 'a colour (which is) noticeable
from far away'.
-(A)v Forms nouns: sınav 'examination', görev 'duty', türev 'derived form'.
-(A)y Forms (i) nouns: olay 'event', deney 'experiment'; (ii) adjectives: yapay 'artificial',
düşey 'vertical'.
-C/-InC This pair of suffixes (-ç is added to verbs ending in -n, otherwise -Inç is used) forms (i)
nouns: direnç 'resistance', basınç 'pressure'; (ii) adjectives: iğrenç 'disgusting', gülünç
'ridiculous'.
-DI Forms nouns: uydu 'satellite', alındı 'receipt', çıktı 'printout'.
-DIK Forms (i) nouns: tanıdık 'acquaintance'; (ii) adjectives: bildik 'familiar', tanıdık
'familiar'. See 25.1.1.2 (v) for a special adjectival usage.
-GA/-
(A)lgA
Forms nouns: dizge 'system', süpürge 'broom', çizelge 'table' (i.e. tabulated
information).
-GAC Forms (i) nouns: süzgeç 'sieve', kıskaç 'pincers', yüzgeç 'fin'; (ii) adjectives: utangaç
'shy'.
-GAn Forms (i) nouns: etken 'factor', sürüngen 'reptile'; (ii) adjectives: konuşkan 'talkative',
kaygan 'slippery'.
-GI Forms nouns, mostly denoting concrete objects: silgi 'eraser', sürgü 'bolt', but also
abstract nouns such as bilgi 'knowledge', sevgi 'love'.
-GIC Forms nouns: dalgıç 'diver', başlangıç 'beginning'.
-GIn Forms (i) nouns: baskın 'raid', sürgün 'exile'; (ii) adjectives: etkin 'active', durgun
'calm'.
-I Forms (i) nouns: yazı 'writing', güldürü 'comedy', batı 'west'; (ii) adjectives: dolu 'full',
duru 'clear'.
-(I)K Forms (i) nouns: konuk 'guest', kayık 'boat'; (ii) adjectives: soluk 'faded', kırık 'broken'.
(I)lI A compound of -I (above) and -lI (7.2.2.2). Forms adjectives and adjectival phrases:
yazılı 'written', (kağıda) sarılı 'wrapped (in paper)'.
-(I)m/-
(y)Im
Forms nouns from underived verb roots: bölüm 'department', 'chapter', 'part', seçim
'choice', 'election', deneyim 'experience', or from derived intransitives with -(I)l/-n:
gerilim 'tension', devinim 'movement'.
-(I)n Forms nouns: basın '(the) press', yayın 'publication', 'broadcast', yığın 'heap'.
-(I)ntI Forms nouns: söylenti 'rumour', girinti 'indentation', alıntı 'quotation'.
-(I)t Forms nouns: geçit 'crossing', 'pass', yazıt 'inscription', umut 'hope'.
-mA Forms (i) nouns: başma 'printed cloth', kıyma 'minced meat', inme 'paralysis', 'stroke';
(ii) adjectives: dökme '(of metal) cast'.
-mAC Forms nouns: bulamaç 'thick soup', yırtmaç 'slit'.
-mAcA Forms nouns: bulmaca 'puzzle', koşmaca 'tag (game)', çekmece 'drawer'. This is a
complex suffix made up of -mA and -CA (7.2.2.2).
-
mAdIK
Forms adjectives. The form -mAdIK, which contains the negative suffix, is a productive
suffix, unlike its affirmative counterpart -DIK (see above). It can attach directly to verb
stems or to their passive form: kırmadık 'unbroken', görmedik 'unseen', görülmedik
'unseen', 'unprecedented'.
-mAK Forms nouns: ekmek 'bread', çakmak 'lighter', yemek 'food', 'meal'.
-mAn Forms (i) nouns indicating a person's occupation: öğretmen 'teacher', danışman 'adviser',
eleştirmen 'critic'; (ii) adjectives: şişman 'fat' (see also -mAn, 7.2.2.2).
-mAz Forms:
(i) nouns: açmaz 'impasse', tükenmez 'ball-point pen'
(ii) adjectives: bitmez 'endless', anlaşılmaz 'incomprehensible'
(iii) adjectival clauses: gözle görülemez (bir ayrıntı) '(a detail) which is invisible
to the [naked] eye'.
-mIK Forms nouns: kıymık 'splinter', kusmuk 'vomit'.
-mIş Forms nouns from intransitive verb stems: geçmiş '(the) past', dolmuş 'car operating like a
bus', ermiş 'saint'.
-sAK Forms nouns: tutsak 'prisoner' (see also -sAK, 7.2.2.2).
-sAl Forms adjectives: görsel 'visual', işitsel 'aural' (see also -sAl, 7.2.2.2).
-sI Forms nouns: tütsü 'incense', yatsı 'ritual worship performed by Muslims two hours after
sunset', giysi 'garment'.
-tay Forms nouns denoting an institution or organized meeting: Danıştay 'Council of State',
çalıştay '(academic) workshop' (see also -tay, 7.2.2.2).
-tI Forms nouns from two-syllable stems ending in -l or -r: doğrultu 'direction', bağırtı
'shout', morartı 'bruise'.
-(y)AcAK Forms nouns: yiyecek 'food', içecek 'drink', gelecek 'future'. See 25.1.1.2 (v) for a
special adjectival usage.
-(y)An Forms nouns: sıçan 'rat', bakan 'minister'.
-(y)AsI,
-
(y)AsIcA,
-
(y)AsIyA
-(y)AsI forms adjectives which mean 'worthy of...', but these forms are going out of
usage: görülesi 'worth seeing'. Both -(y)AsI and -(y)AsIcA form adjectives used in
expressing ill-wishes: kahrolası(ca) 'damned', lanet olası(ca) 'cursed'. -(y)AsIyA forms
adverbs indicating the degree to which an action is performed, in terms of the imagined
endpoint: ölesiye 'to the point of dying', doyasıya 'to the point of
fulfilment/satisfaction'.
-(y)IcI/-
cI
Probably the most productive suffix in this category, this forms:
(i) nouns expressing:
(a) a person practising a certain profession, or having a certain occupation:
koruyucu 'guardian', öğrenci 'student', dilenci 'beggar'.
(b) a tool, machine or substance performing a particular function: yazıcı
'printer', yatıştırıcı 'sedative', uyuşturucu 'narcotic'.
(ii) adjectives denoting that the action of a verb is an inherent quality of the person
or thing to which the adjective is applied: yapıcı 'constructive', üzücü
'distressing', yorucu 'tiring'.
(iii) adjectival clauses that mark an attribute which is regarded as an inherent
property of the entity denoted by the noun that the adjectival construction
qualifies. The noun which is qualified is always inanimate and is the subject of
the root verb: nezleyi önleyici (ilaçlar) '(medicines) that prevent the common
cold', endişelerimizi giderici (sözler) '(words) that ease our worries'.
Note that the -cI form of this suffix occurs only after '-n'. See also -CI in 7.2.2.2, the
counterpart of this suffix which is added to nominals.
-(y)Iş Forms nouns: direniş 'resistance', giriş 'entrance', yürüyüş 'walk', 'march'.

7.2.1.2 Suffixes that attach to verbs to form verbs

-(A/I)klA Indicates repetitive or intermittent action: uyukla'doze', dürtükle- 'prod continually'.
-AlA Indicates the suddenness of the onset of an action: şaşala-'be bewildered', durala-
'suddenly stop (to reflect)'.
-(I)n In the vast majority of cases this suffix, which is identical in form to the reflexive suffix
(8.2.1.3), forms intransitive verbs: sevin- 'be happy', görün- 'appear', 'seem', kaçın-
'avoid', but it can also form transitive verbs: edin-'acquire'.
-(I)ş This suffix, which is identical in form to the reciprocal suffix (8.2.1.4), indicates one or
other of the following:
(i) that the action denoted by the root verb is performed in an unorganized manner:
koşuş- 'run back and forth', uçuş- 'fly about'
(ii) a shared act: bölüş- 'share', ↓kırış- 'share', fısıldaş 'whisper among themselves'
(iii) the intensity of a property of the root verb: kokuş-'give off a putrid smell', 'become
rotten' (from kok'smell').
(-(I)ş+-DIr (reciprocal+causative, 8.2.1.4, 8.2.1.1)) Indicates intensive or repetitive action:
araştır- 'investigate', itiştir- 'push back and forth'.

7.2.2 SUFFIXES THAT ATTACH TO NOMINALS
Suffixes that attach to nominals create both verbs and other nominals (nouns, adjectives
and adverbs).

7.2.2.1 Suffixes that attach to nominals to form verbs

-A Added to nouns: kana- 'bleed', türe- 'spring up', 'derive' and adjectives: boşa- 'divorce'.
-(A)l Added to adjectives of quality, to form intransitive verbs: kısal- 'become short(er)', daral-
'become narrow(er)', incel- 'become thin(ner)'.
-(A)r Added to adjectives, particularly those denoting colour, to create verbs that indicate the
process of acquiring that colour or state: karar- 'turn black', ağar- 'turn white', delir- 'go
mad'.
-(A)ş Added to nouns: yanaş- 'approach'.
-(A)t Added to nouns: gözet- 'safeguard'.
-
DA(n)
Added mostly to onomatopoeic stems: kıpırda(n)-'move', 'fidget', çatırda- 'crack',
şakırda- 'jingle', vızılda(n)- 'hum', 'buzz', 'whinge'. The '-n' is added only where the
subject is human.
-GIr Occurs in words with onomatopoeic stems that do not stand independently: fışkır- 'spurt
out', püskür- 'spray'.
-(I)K Makes intransitive verbs from (i) adjectives: acık-'become hungry', gecik- 'be delayed';
(ii) nouns: gözük-'seem', 'appear'.
-
(I)msA
Added to adjectives to form transitive verbs: azımsa-'underestimate', özümse- 'assimilate',
'make one's own'. Also used with the pronoun ben 'I': benimse- 'consider [s.t.] one's
own'.
-lA Added to:
(i) nouns: tuzla- 'put salt on', avla- 'hunt'
(ii) adjectives: akla- 'acquit', kurula- 'dry (transitive)'
(iii) onomatopoeic stems indicating the sound produced by animals: gıdakla- 'crow',
miyavla-'miaow', havla- 'bark'
(iv) interjections: ahla- '(to) sigh', ofla- '(to) huff'.
The result of (i) and (ii) is most often a transitive verb, but there are cases where -lA can
also create intransitive verbs: çabala- 'try hard', şişmanla- 'become fat', zayıfla-'grow
thin'.
-lAn (-lA+-n (passive/reflexive, 8.2.1.2, 8.2.1.3)) Added to (i) adjectives: kurulan- 'dry oneself',
'be dried', hazırlan-'get ready', (ii) nouns: avlan- 'hunt', güneşlen- 'sun-bathe', hırslan-
'get angry'. All of these verbs are intransitive. Most of those which are derived from
adjectives also have a transitive form (see -lA above), but the vast majority of those that
are derived from nouns do not have a transitive counterpart. -lAn combines with the
causative suffix -DIr (e.g. evlendir- 'to marry (two people to each other)', hırslandır-
'make [s.o.] angry') only in cases where the corresponding -lAt suffix (see below), for
idiosyncratic reasons, does not combine with a particular root.
-lAs (-lA+-(I)ş (reciprocal, 8.2.1.4)) Added (i) to adjectives of quality to form intransitive verbs
that indicate the process of attaining that particular quality: güzelleş-'become beautiful',
koyulaş- 'darken', 'thicken', kırlaş-'turn white (of hair)'; (ii) to nouns to indicate mutual
activity: haberleş- 'communicate with one another', mektuplaş- 'communicate with each
other by letter', e-mailleş- 'e-mail (each other)'.
-lAt (-lA+-t (causative 8.2.1.1)) Added to adjectives to form transitive/causative verbs: kirlet-
'make [s.t.] dirty', serinlet- 'make [s.o.] cool down', genişlet- 'expand [s.t.]'. Some of
these verbs do not have a corresponding -lA form.
-
sA
Added (i) to nouns to form transitive or intransitive verbs: önemse- 'consider important', susa-
'become thirsty'; (ii) to adjectives to form transitive verbs: garipse- 'consider strange', hafifse-
'consider trivial'.

Большинство из них знаю в их базовом значении.
Легкость аффиксов в этом и заключена - работая с языком, читая уроки так или иначе всё это запоминается.
Трудность уже в их новых значениях, а далее в синтаксисе-идиомах - можно поморфно разобрать фразу, а вот смысл будет плясать, пока не будешь знать ньюансы.

[Ömer]

Трудность уже в их новых значениях, а далее в синтаксисе-идиомах - можно поморфно разобрать фразу, а вот смысл будет плясать, пока не будешь знать ньюансы.

Я понял ваше мнение, но всё-таки вы меня не убедили. По моему мнению, турецкий --слабо идиоматичный язык. И в морфологии, и в синтаксисе у него очень много базовых элементов, но все они очень логично складываются вместе. К примеру, аналога английских фразовых глаголов в турецком нет. (Может быть, есть в татарском).

[TestamentumTartarum]

Трудность уже в их новых значениях, а далее в синтаксисе-идиомах - можно поморфно разобрать фразу, а вот смысл будет плясать, пока не будешь знать ньюансы.

Я понял ваше мнение, но всё-таки вы меня не убедили. По моему мнению, турецкий --слабо идиоматичный язык. И в морфологии, и в синтаксисе у него очень много базовых элементов, но все они очень логично складываются вместе. К примеру, аналога английских фразовых глаголов в турецком нет. (Может быть, есть в татарском).

Я заметил, что над турецким сильно поработали - он стал почти, как эсперанто.
Плюс, на мой татарский взгляд, он очень синтетический - аналитизма почти нет.
Кстати:
алып куйдым (кую - ставить, ложить и т.д.) - как вы понимаете это словосочетание?!

[Ömer]

алып куйдым

"Взял и поставил"? Что-то типа "спрятал", наверно.

[TestamentumTartarum]

алып куйдым

"Взял и поставил"? Что-то типа "спрятал", наверно.

Да -
взял и поставил,
но ещё и:
резко взял (одним махом), забрал.

Аналитика она такая (сравните с фразовыми глаголами в английском).

[Ömer]

Я заметил, что над турецким сильно поработали - он стал почти, как эсперанто.

Кстати. Я имею некоторое представление о азербайджанском: читал грамматики, тексты, слушал песни и живую речь. Так вот, у меня сложилось впечатление, что он от турецкого отличается, по большому счёту, только заменой слов. Грамматика в нём почти такая же.

Если над турецким так сильно поработали, почему же разница с азербайджанским небольшая? Азербайджанский подвергся влиянию новотурецкого? Либо заявления о искуственности турецкого преувеличены?

[troyshadow]

алып куйдым

"Взял и поставил"? Что-то типа "спрятал", наверно.

Да -
взял и поставил,
но ещё и:
резко взял (одним махом), забрал.

Аналитика она такая (сравните с фразовыми глаголами в английском).

ср. в русском " взял да поставил,взял да не пошёл на работу",а ещё "давай присядем"," вот он даёт" и т.п.

[TestamentumTartarum]

алып куйдым

"Взял и поставил"? Что-то типа "спрятал", наверно.

Да -
взял и поставил,
но ещё и:
резко взял (одним махом), забрал.

Аналитика она такая (сравните с фразовыми глаголами в английском).

ср. в русском " взял да поставил,взял да не пошёл на работу",а ещё "давай присядем"," вот он даёт" и т.п.

Это немного другое - это дополнительные и переносные значения (такое тоже есть в тюркских языках, да наверное и большинстве языков мира).
В английском и татарском, например - эти явления имеют грамматическую предпосылку.
То есть все значения образуются связкой "значение+модификатор".

P.S. Могу лишь предполагать - в русском и других языках дополнительные и переносные значения появились по тому же принципу, как псевдовычленение суффиксов из иноязычных заимствований.

[troyshadow]

алып куйдым

"Взял и поставил"? Что-то типа "спрятал", наверно.

Да -
взял и поставил,
но ещё и:
резко взял (одним махом), забрал.

Аналитика она такая (сравните с фразовыми глаголами в английском).

ср. в русском " взял да поставил,взял да не пошёл на работу",а ещё "давай присядем"," вот он даёт" и т.п.

Это немного другое - это дополнительные и переносные значения (такое тоже есть в тюркских языках, да наверное и большинстве языков мира).
В английском и татарском, например - эти явления имеют грамматическую предпосылку.
То есть все значения образуются связкой "значение+модификатор".

P.S. Могу лишь предполагать - в русском и других языках дополнительные и переносные значения появились по тому же принципу, как псевдовычленение суффиксов из иноязычных заимствований.

в чем же разница? Глагол приобрёл дополнительное значение,пусть и переносное,и стал вспомогательным/фразовым.Разве  в английском и тюркских не то же случилось?

[TestamentumTartarum]

Скорее всего так и случилось - глагол получил модифицирующее значение.
Разница вот в чем:
в английском и татарском это всё регулярно, на уровне грамматики языка.
И эти модифицированные значения можно получить лишь через эти регулярные конструкции.

Ваши примеры из русского - скорее область лексики, фразеологии. Они употребляются по желанию говорящего.

Для первого случая тоже можно подобрать перефразы, но это скорее уже будет нечто описательное, и реже - снова средствами грамматики (например, для татарского я знаю пару-тройку таких аналогов).

[TestamentumTartarum]

7.2.2.2 Suffixes that attach to nominals to form nominals
часть 1

A few of these suffixes are of Arabic or Persian origin. Words containing Arabic and
Persian suffixes are increasingly giving way to their synonyms of Turkish origin.
-(A)C Attaches to nouns to form adjectives: anaç 'motherly', kıraç 'infertile'.
-
(A/I)cIK
See -CAK
-(A)K Attaches to adjectives to form adjectives: solak 'left-handed', kurak 'arid'.
-(A)l Attaches to nouns to form adjectives: yerel 'local', ulusal 'national', yasal 'legal'. This
suffix was introduced as part of the language reform movement alongside -sAl, and has
the same function.
-(A)n Attaches to nouns or adjectives to form nouns: köken 'origin', düzen 'system'.
-ane A suffix of Persian origin (pronounced [a:nέ]) which attaches to nouns borrowed from
Arabic and Persian to form adjectives: şairane 'poetic', dostane 'friendly'.
-(A)rI The spatial nominals iç 'inside' and dış 'outside' can be used in their bare form only as
adjectives (e.g. iç taraf 'inner part', dış kapı 'outer door'). Otherwise they always have to
have possessive marking (e.g. evin içi 'the inside of the house'). The addition of the
derivational suffix -(A)rI allows these words to appear on their own and to be casemarked:
dışarı (çık-) '(go) outside'.
-(A)t Attaches to nouns or adjectives to form nouns or adjectives: özet 'summary', başat
'dominant'.
-(A)y Attaches to nouns to form adjectives: güney 'south'.
-baz A suffix of Persian origin which is added to nouns to form nouns: cambaz 'acrobat',
düzenbaz 'cheat'.
-CA (unstressable) This is a productive suffix which:
(i) creates adjectives
(a) from nouns, meaning 'characteristic of a ...', describing actions or attitudes:
çocukça 'childish', aptalca 'idiotic'
(b) from the pluralized form of a 'round' numeral, expressing a large number in
an
imprecise fashion: binlerce 'thousands of' yüzlerce 'hundreds of', or of a measure
expression, again suggesting a large amount: kilolarca 'kilograms of', hektarlarca
'acres of'
(ii) creates nouns, adjectives or adverbs denoting a language from nouns of nationality:
Japonca '(in) Japanese', Isveççe '(in) Swedish'
(iii) creates adverbs (see 16.1.6 for details).
Also combines with the verbal noun suffix -mA (see -mAcA (7.2.1.1)).
-CA (stressable) Reduces the intensity of adjectives: güzelcé 'prettyish', hızlıcá 'quite fast',
küçükçé 'rather small'. The same function is more often performed by a modifying
adverbial of degree such as oldukça 'quite' (16.5).
-CAK, -
CAgIz,
-CIK, -(A/I)cIk are all diminutive suffixes which a used for expressing endearment and/or
pity. The choice of the appropriate suffix is not predictable: çocukcağız 'the poor/dear
child', kedicik 'the poor/dear little cat', kuşcağız 'the little birdie', yavrucak 'the poor
child'. -CIK also (i) indicates smallness: sözcük 'word', adacık 'little island', (ii)
unproductively combines with adjectives which contain (unstressable) -CA, as in
yakíncacık 'close by', hémencecik 'immediately', usually with the effect of emphasizing
the quality expressed by the adjective. In the same way, -(A/I)cIK, both of which are
unstressable, are added to adjectives, intensifying the degree of diminutiveness they
express: dáracık 'very narrow', ázıcık 'very little', kǘçücük 'tiny'.
-CAK Apart from its diminutive usage mentioned above, this suffix derives:
(i) adjectives from adjectives (synonymous with adjectival (stressable) -CA): büyücek
'rather large' from büyük 'large'
(ii) nouns from nouns: oyuncak 'toy', or from verbs: salıncak 'swing'
(iii) (in colloquial registers) adverbs from nouns: evcek 'the whole household together',
mahallecek 'as a neighbourhood' (in contexts such as 'We objected as a
neighbourhood')
(iv) occasionally adverbs from adverbs indicating haste: çabucak 'very quickly' (from
çabuk 'quickly').
-CAnA Colloquial form of unstressable (adverbial) -CA: güzelcene 'nicely', yavaşçana 'slowly',
kolaycana 'easily'.
-CAsI (-CA+3rd person possessive) Unproductive composite suffix which forms modal adverbs
(16.3): hakçası 'in truth', 'frankly', erkekçesi 'honestly'.
-
CAsInA
Derives manner adverbs from adjectives with a negative connotation: aptalcasına
'stupidly', salakçasına 'like a twit', see also 8.5.2.2.
-CI A productive suffix which, when added to nouns, forms:
(i) nouns indicating a person associated with a profession: güreşçi 'wrestler', lokantacı
'restaurant owner', Almancacı 'German teacher'. Also occurs in the question word
neci used to inquire about someone's occupation.
(ii) nouns or adjectives indicating ideological adherence to a person, cause or idea:
devrimci 'revolutionary', gerici 'reactionary'
(iii) nouns indicating a person engaged in a particular activity: yolcu 'traveller', kapkaççı
'snatch-and-run thief'
(iv) nouns indicating one who likes or is in the habit of consuming a particular type of
food or drink: içkici 'boozer', tatlıcı 'someone with a sweet tooth'
(v) adjectives indicating the habitual involvement of a person with the entity denoted by
the root: palavracı 'liar', 'lying (person)', şüpheci 'sceptical (person)'.
See also -(y)IcI, the counterpart of -CI which is added to verbs, 7.2.1.1.
-CIl Added to nouns to form adjectives and nouns, this suffix indicates love or affinity
towards what is denoted by the stem: insancıl 'humane', 'philanthropic', evcil
'domesticated', öncül 'premise'. It is also added to the pronoun ben 'I': bencil 'selfish'.
-DA Added to nouns to form nouns and adjectives: gözde 'favourite'.
-DAm Added to nouns to form nouns: gündem 'agenda', yöntem 'method'.
-DAn Added to nouns or adjectives to form adjectives and nouns: sıradan 'ordinary', neden
'reason', içten 'sincere', toptan 'wholesale'.
-dan A suffix of Persian origin which is attached to nouns to form nouns: şamdan
'candlestick', cüzdan 'wallet'.
-dar A suffix of Persian origin which is attached to nouns to form (i) nouns: kasadar 'cashier';
(ii) adjectives: dindar 'religious'.

Это откуда взято?

[troyshadow]

Скорее всего так и случилось - глагол получил модифицирующее значение.
Разница вот в чем:
в английском и татарском это всё регулярно, на уровне грамматики языка.
И эти модифицированные значения можно получить лишь через эти регулярные конструкции.

Ваши примеры из русского - скорее область лексики, фразеологии. Они употребляются по желанию говорящего.

Для первого случая тоже можно подобрать перефразы, но это скорее уже будет нечто описательное, и реже - снова средствами грамматики (например, для татарского я знаю пару-тройку таких аналогов).

так и по-русски альтернативой обороту "взять и ...ть" будет тоже будет нечто длинное описательное.

[Ömer]

Это откуда взято?

Моя любимая грамматика TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR. Routledge Comprehensive Grammars.
https://izabelaszmit.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/turkish-grammar.pdf

[TestamentumTartarum]

Это откуда взято?

Моя любимая грамматика TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR. Routledge Comprehensive Grammars.
https://izabelaszmit.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/turkish-grammar.pdf

[TestamentumTartarum]

алып куйдым

"Взял и поставил"? Что-то типа "спрятал", наверно.

Да -
взял и поставил,
но ещё и:
резко взял (одним махом), забрал.

Аналитика она такая (сравните с фразовыми глаголами в английском).

ср. в русском " взял да поставил,взял да не пошёл на работу",а ещё "давай присядем"," вот он даёт" и т.п.

Нет, не длинноописательное, а лишь перефраза, порой просто другим словом или фразеологизмом:


неожиданно поставил

беспардонно поставил


упёрся идти на работу, короче

своевольный он человек в отношении своих должностных обязанностей - хочет идёт на работу, а хочет, вот прям как сегодня, и не идёт


айда присядем

ну, что - присядем!?


он жжёт!

молодец!

Тем более всё это идиоматическое.
Я, например, все эти "взял да и..." не употребляю в своей речи. Точнее, насколько помню, у меня ассоциация есть с киданием шапки оземь, поэтому если и употребляю их, то немножко театрально - с особой интонацией и жестом рукой.

В татарском касательно лексики и фразеологизмов всё также - довольно легко подобрать иные слова для той же самой мысли, а вот с модифицирующим глаголом так уже не пройдёт - это уже грамматика.

Вот вам ещё одна разница:

Совершенный вид в русском почти всегда кодируется приставкой с- (ещё припоминаю у- и т.д.), и вы хоть что сделайте, но передать модифицированное значение свершенности можете в большинстве случаев лишь с помощью этих и только этих приставок - это и есть уровень грамматики.

Опять же - "значение+модификатор" это в первую очередь грамматика.

Альтернатив этой конструкции почти нет, зато регулярность присуща.

[jbionic]

Ben başka bir kişiyi aday göstermek istiyorum. Seçimler üzerine konuşurken hemen aklıma bir isim geldi: Fatma Hanım. Başkan görevine en uygunu odur. Ekonomi öğrencisidir. Yaz aylarında rehberlik yapar. Turistik seyahat dünyasında iyi ilişkileri var. Hem İngilizcesi, hem de Almancası var. Sanırım, Fatma Hanım'dan daha iyi bir aday yok.

Я понимаю смысл написанного, но у меня есть 3 вопроса на понимание грамматики выделенной жирным части:
1. Почему görevine имеет аффикс дательного на конце?
2. Почему uygunu имеет аффикс винительного падежа на конце?
3. odur имется в виду "она / o"  с аффиксом 3 лица?

[Ömer]

1. Почему görevine имеет аффикс дательного на конце?

Она - самая подходящяя (чему? дат.п.) должности председателя.

Вообще, то, что в русском говорится с предлогом "для", в турецком часто передаётся через дательный падеж.

2. Почему uygunu имеет аффикс винительного падежа на конце?

Это мы уже проходили; это не винительный аффикс, а притяжательный, и служит он для номинализации прилагательного:

She is the most suitable one for the head position.

3. odur имется в виду "она / o"  с аффиксом 3 лица?

Да.

[jbionic]

Благодарю. Под номинализацией, я так понимаю, имелась в виду субстантивация?

[Ömer]

Под номинализацией, я так понимаю, имелась в виду субстантивация?

[jbionic]

Сварог, а Вы курс турецкого языка, будучи в Турции, не проходили? Тут вот совершенно бесплатные за счет муниципалитетов рекомендуют
http://www.ismek.ist/tr/default.aspx
http://www.asmek.org.tr/?page=iletisim

[Ömer]

Сварог, а Вы курс турецкого языка, будучи в Турции, не проходили? Тут вот совершенно бесплатные за счет муниципалитетов рекомендуют
http://www.ismek.ist/tr/default.aspx
http://www.asmek.org.tr/?page=iletisim

Я не ходил, там только начальные уровни. Ходил мой коллега-сириец, действительно абсолютно бесплатно, но надо записываться за несколько месяцев заранее - мест не остаётся.

Я ходил на курсы курдского, но не от İsmek, а от курдского института - это тоже было бесплатно.

Вы собираетесь надолго остаться в Турции?

[jbionic]

svarog, cитуация была бы проще, если б Вы уговорили Шахтёра выпускать хотя бы раз-два в 2 недели аудио-истории
на турецком с транскриптом

Вот классный канал есть по турецкой граматике https://www.youtube.com/user/pratikturkce
но не обновляется давно

Читка 2-3 страниц текста у него 10 минут в неделю будет занимать

[Ömer]

Читка 2-3 страниц текста у него 10 минут в неделю будет занимать

Так ведь текст ещё придумать надо. Или у вас есть предложение, что можно начитывать?

Вот например евроньюс:
http://tr.euronews.com/2017/05/15/kuzey-kore-fuzeler-nukleer-baslik-uyumlu

Там и текст, и видео с начиткой.