Подготовка презентации моего конланга на английском языке - need help!

[Rusiok]

My goal and ambition when constructing Fi is to propose several ideas to the conlanger community.

[basta]

Go on! What kind of help are you looking for?

[Rusiok]

I am preparing a presentation of my conlang here: https://conlang.fandom.com/wiki/Fi.

That is, the help I need is threefold: to correct my presentation from the linguistic point of view, to correct the sequence of adherence to the plan and, of course, to correct my English so that it is understandable.

	Fi
Type	Analitic
Morphosyntactic alignment	Neutral
Head direction	Final
Tonal	3 syntactic tones
Declensions	No obligatory  paradigms
Conjugations	No obligatory  paradigms
Grammatical classes	11

Introduction
epigraph

The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables into one, and leaving out verbs and participles, because in reality all things imaginable are but nouns. JONATHAN SWIFT Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver, 1st a Surgeon and then a Captain of Several Ships

Fi is a language model under construction. It must be consistently described for my understanding of how languages work. Currently the model only works on simple sentences and is evolving towards sentences of medium complexity. Fi is created on //lingvoforum.net and includes ideas from its members.

Phonology
Phonemes and prosodic differences are the shortest elements of language that can be distinguished. The sounds of  Fi are pronounced as in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Phonology is sufficient for borrowing international vocabulary. I would prefer that the roots remain unchanged where they join. Unfortunately, I will have to describe these oral and written changes twice.

Consonants

Place → Manner ↓	Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	p b	t d		k g	(ʔ)
Fricative	f	s			h
Approximant	w	l	j
Trill		r

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Syllables are the shortest elements that can be pronounced. In the Fi conlang, there are no prosodic distinctions at the level of syllables.

Conlang Fi is primarily an oral language. The left column describes pronunciation	The right column describes the spelling and provides written examples
Syllables have the structure (C)V(S), where (C) is an optional initial cluster; V – vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/; (S) - allowed codas: /i̯/, /l/, /n/, /r/, /s/, /u̯/.	Roots from one vowel are: i, e, a, o, u. The similarity of consonants /j/, /w/ and non-syllabic vowels /i̯/, /u̯/ requires an additional rule: - non-syllabic /j/, /w/ before vowel are written j, w. For example,  je, jes, jo, ju, tja, tje, wen, wi, wo, we; - non-syllabic /i̯/, /u̯/ after vowel are written i, u. For example, eu, pau, hau, hoi, bau, ei, dau
There cannot be two sonants in a coda, but there can be two syllables	baun /ˌbaˑ.un./, beun /ˌbeˑ.un/, daun /ˌdaˑ.un/, fail /ˌfaˑ.il/, gois /ˌgoˑ.is/, lais /ˌlaˑ.is/, tain /ˌtaˑ.in/, laus /ˌlaˑ.us/, poin /ˌpoˑ.in/,  etc

Roots and stress
A root is a minimally significant segment of speech. In Fi, the root consists of whole syllables and one stress. Stress is not an absolute characteristic of a syllable, but relative to neighboring syllables.

In Fi, the root is the only type of morpheme	For example, here are roots from one syllable: mi, es, ta, go, la, ne, tu, en, ho, nos, pos, ha, di, ku, al, no, sa, ba, er, po, ri, me, nal, ra, hi, nu, on, ir, du, ol, da, is, in, mu, fa, jar, tri, ka, pen, as, si, etc.
One of the root syllables has a secondary dynamic stress: /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/. The remaining syllables are unstressed: /(C)V(S)/	In free-standing roots, the stress on the first syllable is not indicated. For example, kuho, minus, deka, kuli, esfa, basu, etc. The apostrophe (') is written before the non first secondary stressed syllable. For example, еn'ku, еn'ta, еn'hi, ti'ku, ha'mi, ha'tu, ti'es, ti'ne, su'karta, ne'mi, no'on, no'du, etc.

The vocabulary is mixed: a priori and a posteriori. First, the basic frequency roots were invented by averaging the roots of several languages, almost all monosyllabic. Secondly, many roots are freely borrowed and adapted to phonology. Thirdly, roots are formed by simplifying frequency words.

Words and intonation
A word consists of one or more roots. The word is an actual member of the sentence: topic or comment.

The word is marked by a pause before it and the intensification of one of its stressed syllables /ˌ(C)Vˑ(S)/ to primary stress /ˈ(C)Vː(S)/. The part of a word beginning with a stressed root is called an actant. The part of the word before the stressed root is a predicate. The topic word is pronounced without intonation,	The roots of the word are written separately. The syllable with primary stress is written with a capital letter. For example: noFi, Internati foneti alfabes, Aktual par o'senten, studiEnglis (no and  studi are predocates)
the comment word - with intonation.  Primary stress and intonation are markers of predicativity. Rising intonation /˨˦/ differs interrogative comment;	After the word with rising intonation, a question mark (?) is written. For example: Eu? (Is it) OK? Alu? (Are you) healthy?
Descending intonation /˥˦/ differs affirmative comment;	After the falling intonation there is a dot (.). For example: Eu. Thanks (liteally: Fine!). Alu. (Yes, I'm) healthy
Flat high tone /꜓/ differs incentive comment	After flat high intonation there is an exclamation mark (!). For example: Eu! Please! (literally: Be kind) Alu! Hello! (literally: Be healthy)

Parts of the sentence
The root acts as different parts of a sentence depending on its place in the word.

Attribute is non-final root of actant	Translation: Atribus neFin radi o'aktan (neFin and o'aktan are attributes)
Head of actant is its final root(s)	Translation: Aktan kapu Si fin radi(i)  (kapu and fin radi(i) are heads of actants)
Adverbial modifier is non-final root of predicate	For example: goenTeraa Lingu on; E dialeis on. (go is adverbial modifier) The whole earth had one language and one dialect.
Head of predicate is its final root(s)	For example: diOstu hoi lawi enSenaria plas; e laguTa  (en and gu are heads of predicate). Moving from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.

Within Fi, the root is a semantic frame, but one root of Fi can correspond to four translations into another language. To make it easier to remember translations, it is convenient to combine the roots into 12 hierarchies headed by hyperonyms. Hierarchies differ in the objects that are possible for the root as a predicate.


Compound sentence

Homogeneous members of the sentence (definitions, actants, circumstances, predicates) are separated by pauses (in writing - commas), and the last homogeneous member begins with attributes:

e and

al or

etc.


Complex sentence

To use a simple sentence as a subordinate, it is simplified to a word.

Attributive combination of roots: first a stressed attribute, then without a pause a head of actant	The root /o/ in the role of a preposition changes the attribute and the head in places	Simple sentence: Topic word (and without an auxiliary verb) Comment word	A subordinate sentence is an attributive combination of roots in the same order as in a simple sentence
Arti lingu /ˌar.ti.lin.gu/ an artificial language	Lingu o'arti /ˌliˑn.gu.oˌaˑr.ti/ the language that is artificial	Lingu Arti. /'liːn.gu 'aːr.ti˥˦/ The language is artificial.	Lingu arti /ˌlin.gu̯aˑr.ti/ artificiality of language = that the language is artificial

Marking with pauses and stress limits the level of relativization. Dependent clauses cannot have their own dependent clauses.

Recursion
Mi gowiEryu o'is'sandwitju o'enun'kase.
I saw the boy who ate the sandwich that had cheese in it

Paragraph (period, dialogue) is several sentences united by one antecedent. The reference function can be performed by:

– last root;

– words si subject, li predicate, un object;

- hyperonyms, for example, er man/ he, in woman/she.

At the paragraph level, the certainty of the antecedent can be expressed. Namely: when it is first mentioned, the indefinite attribute es can be pronounced before it. When repeating, you can emphasize definiteness with the attributes hi or ta.

_______________________

This concludes the description of Fi grammar; ahead is only a consideration of specific roots and examples of their translation.

[Rusiok]

Hierarchy of quantifiers (in the dictionary, quantifiers are denoted by the sign /i), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
fa	quantitative,	measure/ quantity,	habitually,	amount/ quantity so many pieces
ne	absent,	zero,	never,	without/ not smth
on	whole	one,	once/ only,	one to one / equal to smth
pau	simple,	few,	few times,	a little include smth
du	double,	two,	twice,	two, include smth
i	composite,	mathematical set,	several times/ iteratively,	⊇/ consist of/ made up of units of measurement - pieces
mu	numerous/ complex,	many,	many times,	a lot, include smth
a	every,	all,	always,	all, include smth

(Looking ahead, ordinal numbers are denoted with the predicate no number/ name. For example, no'on the first, no'du the second).

A typical morpheme of the "quantifiers" hierarchy is the morpheme i.
Quantifier as attribute
i - that which consists of several parts, complex, difficult.
i kasu complex case.
i mahin complex mechanism.
i problema complex problem.
i re complex solution.
i plan complex plan.
i harakter complex character.

Quantifier as head of actant
kasu i (group of) cases.
mahini mechanisms/ machines.
problemai problems/ questions/ tasks.
rei solutions/ answers.
plani plans.
harakteri characters.

Quantifier as adverbial modifier
'i ei go several times.
'i go happened several times.

Quantifier as transitive predicate head
la iPar assembled from parts

Hierarchy of analogous qualities (/ol), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
ol	excellent,	masterpiece,	very,	more/ exceed smth/ smb, by smth (when comparing)/ surpass
eu, o'kei	good/ fine/ OK,	well done,	well,	better than smth/ smb/ meet the requirements (of smb)
go	previous/ earlier,	past/ bygone,	was/ were,	as much/ longer than/ earlier than smth
ro	round/ rounded,	circle/ ring/ hoop/ ball,	around/ round,	rounder than smth/ round as smth
ho	human,	he/ she/ person,	humanely,	spare/ care/ more humane than smb
pos	future,	plan,	will,	after/ later than smth/ in (period of time)
bu	become,	become,	become smth/ smb/ turn into smth,	(happen) sooner than smth
as, proses	current,	now/ happening/ currently,	simultaneously,	in the process/ while/ when/ simultaneously with smth
se	old,	old thing/ old man/ old woman,	still,	older than smth/ smb
ti	temporary/ temporal,	time,	temporally,	at the time of/ during smth
jar	annual,	year,	by year/ on an annual basis,	at the year
men	monthly,	month,	by month/ on a monthly basis,	at the month

The comparative and equivalence degrees are not distinguished.


Deictics hierarchy (/mi), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
mi	my,	I,	in my opinion/ to my mind/ to my thinking,	input of direct speech
tu	your,	you,	to you,	be told to do smth
nos	our,	we,	in our opinion,	input of direct speech
res	reciprocal,	they to each other,	reciprocally,	they say to each other

The genitive hierarchy (/o) includes only one root:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
o	changes the definition and the thing defined in places,	suffix of the priority of the connection of the previous roots,	separator of the subject and unstressed definition,	inseparably relate to something

Ablative hierarchy (/di). The source is the starting point of the movement; the stimulus is the source of perceptions. For example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
di	outgoing/ derivative/ ablative,	(postal) item,	departing,	out of source
el, djen	elative,	exit,	elatively,	from the inside of source
wi	sighted,	spectator/ witness/ eyewitness/ observer,	obviously,	see/ look/ watch stimulus
au	sound/ hearing,	hearing,	by ear,	hear/ listen to stimulus
na	sniffing,	sniff,	with nose,	snuff stimulus
sen	sensitive/ attentive/ responsive/ alert,	sensor/ guard,	attentive/ wary,	sens/ feel stimulus
gus	tasting,	tasting,	tasting,	taste stimulus

Dative hierarchy (/u). The addressee is a recipient of a message; the beneficiary is a participant whose interests are affected in a process of implementing a situation (receives benefit or harm); the goal is a final point of a movement; the experiencer is a bearer of feelings and perceptions. For example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
bau	informational,	informant/ source,	substantive,	notify/ inform to an addressee
dau	supplying/ transferring,	giver/ supplier/ donor/ sponsor/patron,	supplying/ transferring/ as a gift,	give to an addressee (beneficiary)
ha	personal/ private,	property,	personally,	belong to/ relate to a beneficiary
u	directed,	flow/ vector,	directed,	towards/ current towards/ to a goal
ei	walking/ moving/ mobile,	pedestrian/ transport,	mobile,	go to a goal
es	∃/ <indefinite article>/ some/ real,	exist/ manifest itself/ something/ indefinite personal pronoun,	obviously/ really,	influence/ be to/ reveal itself to an experiencer

Thematic hierarchy (/da). The theme is an object acted upon but does not change its state. For  example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
ba	conversational,	speaker/ lecturer/ orator/ voice,	verbally,	speak/tell/ talk/ say smth/ about a theme
da	exchange/ mutual,	giving,	mutually,	give a theme
e	and/ additional,	supplement,	again/ also,	plus/ with a theme
nal, ludu	playing,	performer/ play,	as if/ as if/ as if/ supposedly,	pretend to be/ play the role of a theme

Patiental hierarchy (/ra). The patient is a participant who undergoes significant changes (outcome).  For example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
la	active past participle/ completed/ perfective,	result/ outcome,	finally,	get a patient as a result
li	repetition of the predicate as an attribute,	repetition of the predicate as an actant,	repetition of the predicate as an adverbial modifier,	is an objective predicate
no	nominal/ ordinal/ named/ with index,	name/ proper name/ title/ number,	namely/ nominally,	call/ name/ number/ by what name/ what number/ is named after a patient
ra	working/ trade,	producer/ worker/ manufacturer,	with difficulty,	try for the sake of/ make an effort for/ do/ make/ make/ cause to be a patient
ri	⇒/ if/ aimed/ favorable,	reason,	specifically,	so that/ with the purpose of/ in order to/ increase the probability of/ contribute to smth/ risk/ increase the probability of a patient

Agental hierarchy (/un). An agent is the animate initiator and controller of an action; a cause; a force or natural cause that unconsciously produces an action, for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
hi	indicated/ here/ this,	this,	here/ in this case,	is specified/ marked by an agent
ku	what?/ unknown,	who/ what?,	how?,	how is it related to?/how is it connected with?
kus	reasonable,	so/ therefore/ the reason,	reasonably/ therefore,	because/ since/ after all/ because of/ for the reason of/ because a reason
ta	there/ <definite article>/ such,	that,	there/ so/ in the case that,	is is determined/ specified by an agent
un	passive/ passive participle,	object/ repetition of object,	passively/ objectively,	is an object/ at the end of the predicate rearranges actants/ is object to smth

Instrumental hierarchy (/su). The instrument is an inanimate participant that assists an agent in its action, for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
su	instrumental/ auxiliary,	tool/ instrument/ means,	instrumentally/ with the help of smth,	use smth
lingu, basu	linguistic,	language (organ, speech),	language,	speak with smth/ with the help of smth

Locative hierarchy (/en), for example:

Roots of Fi, with synonyms	In the role of attribute,	In the role of actant head (subject, object, nominal predicate),	In the role of adverbial modifier,	In the role of transitive predicate head
en	internal,	place,	inside,	be somewhere/ in a place
ko	neighboring/ nearby,	neighbor/ nearby,	close,	at/ near a place/ nearby to smth
gu	animate/ alive,	who/ animal,	alive/ by birth/ vitally,	live in a place/ reside/ inhabit where/ inhabit what
noi	night/ nocturnal,	night,	at night,	spend the night in a place
ia	national/ regional/ local,	state/ country/ region/ nation/ locality,	national/ local,	live in a country
uru	urban,	city,	city-style,	live in a city
tra	through/ transitional,	transition/ through,	cross/ through/ across,	through/ across
wia	road/ longitudinal,	path/ road/ route,	longitudinally,	along

[Rusiok]

a ∀/ any/ every, all, in any case, all including. A lingu every language, Lingu a all languages. ao everything. aho everyone/ everybody. A basuEs Everyone uses some kind of language. a es influences in any case.  hoaMi everyone including me

aa

a'ha uh huh

ai̯ worse, ne'eu̯ more bad

al but/ however/ different, different one, differently, or/ different from/ more different/ not the same as. Hi /'wi/ Aktan. Al /ˌwi/ neAktan. Si Predikas. Here /'wi/ is an actant, but /ˌwi/ is not an actant, it's a predicate. Hi alTa. This or that

ala all others

alfabes alphabet/ ABC. ordo'alfabes in alphabet order. Internati foneti alfabes international phonetic alphabet

ali others, option/ choice/ alternative, differently, selected from

alu white/ light, lighter

an more narrow/ tighter

angu snake

anti, fron, awan front/ frontal, forehead/ hood/ cockpit, preliminary, in front of smth/ before smth

alun choose

ar hand, manage smth

aranea reti spider's web

as, proses current, now  (about the ongoing process)/ happening, / at the same time, in the process/ at the time how/ when/ simultaneously with: Ku?, Proses What's going on? In aseiUrbu She's going to the city. In goas eiUrbu. She was walking into the city

au sound, hearing, by ear, listen/ hear smth

au̯su ear

auto car

ba colloquial, speaker/ lecturer, orally, talk/ tell/ say about

ba'alu greet smb

basu, lingu linguistic, tongue (organ, speech), speak with/ with the help

bau informational, informant/ source, informative, notify/ inform smb

baun іs said

be need / have a need for smth: Mi beJo I need to know

bel beauty/ handsome, beautiful one, beautifully, more beautiful than smth/ smb

ber bring smth

beru bring to smb

beun < be un necessary, even/ including smth

bo sick, a sick person/ disease, have a sick part of body. kaHor hes hu riBo Sleeping less than six hours is dangerous

bu becoming / flock / becoming smth/ smb/ turn (am) into, soon/ immediately, right away (just about, soon), sooner

da exchange, sponsor/ philanthropist/ donor, mutually, give smth

dau give to smb

daun given

de day: de seu seven days. no'seu de seventh day. lunde Monday
marde Tuesday
merkurde Wednesday
joude Thursday
wenude Friday
saturde Saturday
solde Sunday

deka ten

dekis right, right side, on the right, to the right of smth. u'dekis to the right

deteis, lawi find/discover, discovery, discover smth

deu, djabu devilish, devil/ crafty, devilish, seduce smb

di outgoing/ derivative, (postal) item, departing, from. di leter outgoing letter. di'hi from here

djin jeans

do house, building

du double, full two/ pair, twice, two includes.  du kafe double coffee. kafe du two coffees. Hi duEr. This pair includes a man

dur during/ while/ lived, duration, long, last/continue

[Rusiok]

e, plus and/ additional, addition, also/ in addition/ (once) again, plus/ with smth. E ri besides. du plusOn walTri two plus one equals three. tueMi you and me

ei go to smth; i ei use to go smth

eis external/ outside, exterior, outwardly, outside of smth

eistremu extremal/ extreme, extremum/ limit/ extremist, extreme, be the limit of smth

eskur take an excursion

el from/ of/ off/ out of smth

en internal, place, inside, in/ on/ at smth. enHi Mi here am I. en'es somewhere. еn'hi here. еn'ku where. еn'ta there

enun smth that has smth inside it/ container/ dish

er masculine/ male, he / a man, like a man, the husband of smb / married to smb: Jwan Eu er Ivan is a good man. Hi Er it's a man/ it's him. Jwan Er lara. Ivan acted like a man. Jwan erMari Ivan is Maria's husband

erju boy

es ∃/ some/ real, existing/ something/ somebody/ <indefinite personal pronoun>, clearly/ really/ very, influence smth/ appear to smb. Es projeis a project, Projeis es implementation of the project. tuTa lainEs They say she married smb. Mi Es wo I really want. esKu? So what? (What does it affect?)

esfa several, how much/ some quantity

eu, o'kei good/ feel good, good one, well, better than smth/ worthy/ meet the requirements. Eu? Fine? Eu. Okay/ thank you. Eu! Be kind/ please. Tu fenuEu. You look good. euEr is better than him. eu̯'ala better than all others.Al tu euUn But you are better. pol eu is the best, Hi euMi this suits me. eu'luun worthy of being loved. eu'lausun worthy of gratitude

europa European, Europe, European-style

ewentual obvious

fa quantitative, amount/ quantity, quantitatively, in/per unit of measurement

fail file

fais real, true/ fact, actually, after all/ same

fal quality

famil family, family of smb/ including smb

famu, joun famous/ important

far four

fasil easy, not difficult than  smth

fei waiting, wait, waiting, waiting for smth/ smb

feliku, gai happy/ joyful, happiness/ lucky/ kind, happily, enjoy smth

fi similar/ corresponding, function/ operator/ morphism, instead of/ accordingly, like/ similar to

fil friendly, friend, friendly, be friends with smb / be a friend to smb

fo strong, strongman, strong, stronger than smth

forges forgetful, forgеt, forgetting, forget smth

friun owo fried eggs

gaun throw/ let fly, throwing, throw smth

gekto centenary, one hundred, hundred, hundred of smth

gen parent. geni parents.

general general, more general than  smth

ger hold

german German, German, in German, to be a German for smb: germania Germany

ges get/ receive smth

gi big, giant, a lot, bigger/ more in mass than  smth. Gi i group of giants > Gii giants. Gi ser i big group of stars ~ Mu ser i massive group of stars. Gisero i group of giant stars.

gjala bigger than others

go past/ earlier, past/ former, was, just as/ more ancient than/ before than smth: gogu lived. goenTerraa Lingu on, Dialeis on The whole earth had one language and one dialect. Ta Go That's gone. goba said. gois ate. gowi looked/ watched/ saw. Hi goDe du It was two days ago. In go 'hor koHi. She was here an hour ago. go'as last, the last one. go'as o minutu al last minute decision

gu animate/ alive, who/ animal, alive/ by birth/ vital, live/ dwell in smth/ inhabit smth

ha personal/ private, property, in fact, belonging to smb: Hi Ha this is personal. [/b]Hi a haIn.[/b] It all belongs to her. haKu?, Hi whose is this? haTu libru ashaMi I have your book. ha'mi my. ha'tu your

haha haha

hau, haun rich / possessive, owner / possessor, in a master's manner, have/ own smth. Mi hauAuto I have a car

hes six

hi indicated/ this, this one, here/ in this case, marked with smb: Hi Mi this is me. Mi Hi I'm here. Mi en Hi I'm in this place. hiTu o what you pointed to

hide today

hifa so much

ho that/ human, he/ she/ person/ person of a certain profession/ follower of teaching, humanely, spare smb/ as (and more) humane as smb. Ho sun son of man. aho everyone. hoa that's it. Ho! hoMi! Have mercy! Spare me!

hoi, publi them (inalienable), they/ people, according to them, they include smth

hor lasting an hour, an hour, for an hour/ per hour, how much on the clock: hor'tri at three o'clock

hu sleeping, a sleeper (not a *dream), asleep, see smb/ smth in a dream. kaHor hes hu riBo Sleeping less than six hours is dangerous. Mi wo'hu kusHi ai feli goti'noja ul, E mi gone'poEu hu. I am sleepy because those damn cats were fighting all night and I couldn't sleep well!

[Rusiok]

i composite/ complex, mathematical set/ <plural>, <iterative>/ use to/ several times, ⊇/ has more or the same elements as/ composed of. I mahin a complicated machine. Mahini machines. I radi complex root, Radii roots. i go happened more than once. la iPar assembled from parts

ia country. italia Italy. germania Germany.

in feminine, she/ woman, in a feminine way, smb's wife/ married with. imMi my wife

intel understand

inter between, among

interes interested in smth, interesun interesting for smb

ir upper/ high, height, up/ on top, above smth

is nourished, eater, sated, eat. Lupu isOwi the wolf kills a ship

isu, densu tooth/ teeth

isun nutritious/ edible, food/ foodstuffs/ grocery, eating, food for smb

iun < i un component, ⊆/ one of/ belong to the group/ set.  iunUkraina from Ukraine/ citizen of Ukraine. iunLeksikon radi root from the dictionary

jar year. In Jar deka She is ten years old

je ice

jes yesterday

jo know, connoisseur/ expert, knowing, know smth/ smb/ be familiar with

ju young, child/ kid, childish, as young as/ younger than. jui children/ kids

jugoslau Yugoslavian, Yugoslav. jugoslawia Yugoslavia

jusSamenhou bar I swear by Zamenhof's beard!

ka little/ small, lightweight/ dwarf, small (in mass, amount of substance), less than

kaerju little boy

kainju little girl

kampu field

kar, minus negative / minus, opponent / enemy, in debt / in minus, the opposite of: euLas minusEu the best is the enemy of the good

karotu carrot/ encouragement/ treat, give/ hang/ promise a carrot/ motivate

karu gentle/ caress, sissy, gently/ affectionately, pet/ caress smb. seskoFenester ho golegiLibru; 'e karuKas. A man sitting by the window was reading a book and petting a cat.

kasju kitten

kau catch smth

ke start/ begin with smth

kees appearing, appear, appearing, appear to smb

kel fast/ quick, fast one/ smth fast, quickly, faster

kilo thousand

kir, kepu chief, head/ chief/ boss, mainly, dominate over/ be boss of smb

ko neighboring, neighbor, close/ almost, near/ be near smth

koi write/ type. kojun, teis text

komisi commission

komites committee

kongres congress

konkres, ta specific/ special, single object with clearly defined characteristics/ individual/ instance/ representative/ specificity/ concreteness, specifically/ in particular, specified by smb/ according to some characteristics

konsul consulting, consultant/ advisor, as advice, advise/ consult

kras tomorrow/ the next day

kres confident, adept, with faith, believe. kresNo'on wi lu believe in love at first sight

ku what?/ unknown, who/ what?, how?, how to relate to?/ what to do with? kugu what (living); kuho who (sapient). kuli how.
- Ku?, Hu Who's sleeping?
- Hu Wasja. Sleeping person is Vasya.
kuİn? Tu What is your relationship with her?

kufa how much

kujun < ku iun which

kultur cultural, culture, cultural, more cultural

kuri why

kus, riun so/ therefore/ means/ as a consequence, because/ since/ for the reason Euu kusAlu is suitable because he is healthy

la <active past participle>/ perfect, result/ outcome, finally, in the end/ ended with P.  La ro rounded. Ku?, La what happened?
laba said. lada gave. lahu fell asleep. lais have eaten. lamer killed. lawi enSenaria plas, laguTa found a plain in the land of Sennaar and settled there. hor tri o la it's been three hours already

lagu lake

las recent

laus grateful / thanking, thanks, gratefully, thanking smb

legi read. Ho legiLibru The person reads a book

li <repetition of the predicate>  Ra'ta Euli! do it well. kuli unknown circumstance/ way/ manner, how/ in quality, ... Kuli? How are you? Li? Tu wi Do you see?

libru book

lingu, basu linguistic, tongue (organ, speech), tongue, speak with smth/ with the help of smth

lo long, length/ longitude, longly, longer

logi, grafi scientific, scientist/ science, scientifically/logically, more scientific/ logical

loku room

lu loving/ prejudiced/ not indifferent, lover/ appreciator/ - phil, preferably, love/ prefer/ highly appreciate smth/ smb: Mi luHi or Hi luumMi I like this

lunde Monday. no'on lunde o'men on the first Monday of the month.

man smart/ sapience/ thinking/ intelligent, thinker/ sapient one, mentally, think smth

mane morning, morning, in the morning, earlier

manun, idea imaginary, idea/ concept, mentally / in the mind, seem / introduce to smb

me average/ joint, middle/ comrade/ fellow  cohabitant, mediocre/ together, near/ with/ between/ (going) for smb

memor remember, memory/ one who remembers, from memory, remember smth/ smb

mi (inalienable) mine, I / me, in my opinion, that I/ reports (about myself) that: Midos my daughter. Mi joEr I know him. Hi mi it's me. Inputting direct speech: Er ba miWi he says: "I see"

minus minus, see kar

minutu minute

mio mine

mobi moving/ pushing, moving something

moda way, method, mode of action, technique

momen moment

mon buy smth

monu pay to smb

monsu monetary/ payment/ currency, money/ means for purchase, paid/ for money,  pay with smth

mu numerous, many: ho mu a lot of people. homu urbu a crowded city

muhau lu rich in love.

nal, ludu I play, performer, as if/as if/as if/as if/allegedly, pretending to be smb/ playing the role of smb. nal = weun. Mi ne'po 'nal La ra I can't, but I pretend I did

nati national, nation

ne do not exist / absent / insignificant / zero, empty set / zero, never, not / without: Ne pauOn Zero is less than one. In neJo She doesn't know. ne'joun unknown. neMi a Everyone except me. Opposites are expressed by different roots: soi cold; ne'soi is not cold (not necessarily hot). gor hot; ne'gor is not hot (not necessarily cold). ne'mi without me

niphon Japanese. niphonia Japan

no nominal/ ordinal/ named/ with index, name/ proper noun/ title/ number, exactly/ nominally, name is/ number/ by name / number is Mi noSerhii My name is Serhii. noFi is called Fi. no'on (#1) first,  no'du (#2) second, no'fin last

noi nocturnal, night, spend the night somewhere

non nine

nos our, we, in our opinion, input of direct speech plural. Res 'laba nos raBriku i! And they said to each other: let's make bricks. nos iTu we including you. nos neTu we without you

nu new, news/ remake/ newbie, already, newer than

[Rusiok]

o suffix of priority of connection of previous roots, of/ in the role of a predicate changes the definition and is determined by places: Gi ser oi (giant stars) group. Kan o'wou neKou A dog that barks does not bite. Introduces the inalienable object: Hi oMi This is part of me / <inalienable> mine. Mi ounDos. I have a daughter. o'ku what of

oi eight

ol excellent, masterpiece, very, more/ superior to smth/ than smth than/ compare with smth. ne'ol not very. ol'ala more than all others

oma tumor

on single/ solitary/ unitary, one, once/ unique/ rarity, =.  On minus'on one minus one. Lingu on, Dialeis on one language, one dialect, on manun only seems to be

or mouth

organis organize smth

os inflammation

osto bone/skeleton, reinforce smth

ou oh!

paper paper

par partial/ particular/ fractional, part/ particle/ piece/ fraction/ element, partially, divide/ separate smth/ smb/ be part of smth/ fractional numerals: On par'du 1/2. Aktual par o'senten actual part of the sentence

par on one-component / solid, monolith, simply, the only part of smth

pau simple/ from a small number of parts, smth uncomplicated, little/ a little in number/ amount

pen five

peu kitchen, cook, preparе food, see ra

piun drinking smth. piun riTu alu drink to your health.

po possible / potential / skillful / capable, potential / talent / professional, perhaps, can. Tu poEi. You can go

poin sorry, is to blame for smb. poino < poin + o regret smth. poinun < poin + un poinun apologize to smb, forgive smb

pol full/ whole, ideal/ limit, enough, is enough for. pol us full of water

pos future, plan, will, after/ later / after (time period): Pos! Bye! Pos wi! goodbye, pos'hor du in two hours

pro confirming, supporter, according to, leave/ in accordance with / agrees with smb / smth  In ne'proMi she does not agree with me

prou let in

problema problem/ question/ task. ne'problema no problem

pre ask smth, prei ask smb, preu ask for

pregnaSun pregnant with son

A preposition is a predicate without predication.

presen introduce

programa program

propu suggest smth

publi public

pun accurate, point/ period, exactly, be exactly smth

ra labor, producer/ worker/ manufacturer, with difficulty, do/ try for the sake of/ make efforts for/ make smth/ force to be smth. ra'<> den stop/stop/close/turn off smth. ra'<> en'<> put in. ra'ki go to bed. ra'sta get up. ra'ses sit down. ra'<> u send

radi, urto radical, root, rooting, rooted in smth

randu random, occasion / happen random, by chance, smb smth/ happens with

raun, arti artificial/ done, composition/ artifact, artificially, made by smb

refer relative, relation, relatively, relate

repor reporting, to report. reporun a report

ri ⇒/ if/ targeted/ favorable, reason, for/ specifically in order to smth/ for the purpose of smth/ so/  increase the likelihood of smth/ contribute to smth/ risks (not *dangerous): Hi neRi, Ri Al It is not a reason, the reason is different; Man riEs I think, therefore I exist

riwi seeking/ looking, search, look for smth

roko chocolate

rul obligatory, obligor/ obligated, necessarily, smb should (do smth). Tu rulEi! You should go!
rul = fejun < fei un smth is expected by smb


alu healthy, healthy one (not *health)

samu same/ identical, the same/ identity, actually/ too, coincide with smth

satu well-fed

sauna sauna

se old, old thing/ man, still, older than. enRur se'inju the oldest girl in the village

seen to stay. Mi pos seenHi I'll stay here

seis sexual partner.

seku next, follower, consequence, follow smth/ smb

seri series

serte at least

ses sitting, perpendicular, across, sitting on.

seu seven

si active / (inalienable) one's own, oneself/ agent/ subject, actively, influence smth/ smb. Replaces the subject: Nos ra uSi no! Let's make a name for ourselves

siblin brother and/or sister

sinser frank/ sincere, revelation/ sincerity, frankly/ sincerely, more frank/ sincere

situ situation, position

shengen Schengen

son singing, singi/ singer, humming, sing smth

sper hope

spor sporty, sport/ sportsman/ sportiness, sporty, do some kind of sport

stimul stimulus, stimulating,  stimulate

studi study. studiEnglis study English

su instrumental/ helping/auxiliary, instrument/ means/ assistant, instrumentally/ with the help of smth, use smth
su'karta by card

subu under

sukses have success/ have time/ can do = sperun

sur superficial, surface, superficially, on/ cover

swis Swiss: swisia Switzerland

ta, konkres <definite article>/ such, then/ that, there/ so/ in the case that is determined/ specified by smth. Object of speech. In Ta bel she is so beautiful. ta'analis revealed by analysis. go ta'randu was random (determined by chance). la ta'simpu i defined by a number of symptoms. Seseni neLata seats are not specified

tain she

tali so

teater theater

teis un fabric

ter Mr./Ms.

tera Earth

teraa, uniwersu world, universe

teror terrible, horror, terrible, more terrible

tja < ti'a eternal, always

tje < ti'e again

tjes < ti'es ever

ti time. ti'ku? when?. tiKu?, Tu pos he What time will you be home? ti'ta that time, then. ti'ne never. tja < ti'a always. tje <ti'e again

tradui translate

tran behind, through, on the other side

tea tea

tri three. Nos Tri There are three of us. Nos Er tri We are three men

tro excessive / extreme, emergency/ excess, too/ excessively, exceed

tu your (inalienable), you/ gentleman should, in your opinion, they say you tueMi you and me. Jo tu'neSu! Confucius said: "A gentleman has no weapons."/ The teacher says: a noble man should not be a tool

[Rusiok]

u directed, flow/ vector, directionally, to/ current to/ (dative). Uun final point/ beneficiary. ne'u not intentionally. u'ku where/ to whom, u'si (to) -self, u'hi here, u'ge down. Es uHi. Someone is heading this way. A uTu is all for you

ui̯ in-law/ (from the side of) husband/ wife, spouse/ marriage, married

ul combative, battle, warlike, struggle/ fight

un passive / passive participle, object / repetition of the object, at the end of the predicate rearranges the actants / subject to smth: Kuun? Er laba what did he say? Mi raLingu. Un noFi I compose a language, it's called Fi

ur guts

uru city/ town

us, liku liquid, water, more liquid

wa centrifugal, centrifuge, in all directions, throw smth

wal valuable/ significant, price/ value, costly, worth how much/ what

we we

weo ours

wen < u'en entering/ incoming, entering one, entering/ penetrating, into. wen letter incoming letter

wendi selling, salesperson, for sale, sell

wer truthful/ true/ real/ genuine, right, correct

werbu word

wesper evening/ night

wgei < u'gei away

wi sighted, viewer/ witness/ eyewitness/ observer, obviously, look/ see/ watch/ observe Mi wiEr. I look at him. Mi lawi I, who sees. aswiEr seeing him. wiun what is visible. wiUn the one who sees the object

wko < u'ko before/ approaching

wo want/ wish for, would, conditional/subjunctive mood. Mi lara 'wo nePo I would do it, but I can't.  wo = nalun

wre < u're back

In the summer of 1706, the English ship Hopewell was captured by Dutch-Japanese pirates in the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean. The pirate captain put the ship's doctor and navigator, Lemuel Gulliver, into a boat on the high seas. He was spotted from a hot air balloon by a patrol ship from an unknown country, rescued, and taken to a volcanic island rising above the coastal fog. The island of Laputa was a stronghold of the missionaries of the Order of Jesus, who had already brought Christianity to the archipelago and assisted the king of Lagado – the most populous part of the large island of Balnibarbi – in his claim to the title of Supreme Ruler (Untu) of all the communities of the archipelago and their transformation into Jesuit reductions. These innovations led to the flight of natives from the newly formed communities and even to rebellions by entire provinces.

Gulliver observed and recorded in his diaries the first steps of a pre-industrial planned economy. Missionaries replaced traditional hoe-based agriculture with ox-drawn plows. However, the locals referred to all domesticated animals as pigs. Construction crews erected huts from horizontally laid logs on stone foundations. Previously, locals had laid horizontal logs only on top of their sunken dwellings. Scholarly monks desperately tried to develop a common language for the entire archipelago to replace the many mutually incomprehensible dialects of individual provinces. Taking the Latin jargon of students from various provinces as a basis, the monks structured it according to scholastic ideals of simplicity.

Gulliver noted that although the population suffered from a lack of iron and lived on identical rations of boiled fish and beans, the order in the communities, established by communal councils and the discipline of elected judges, was unmatched anywhere in the West. The state did not descend into chaos; it was in the process of transforming into a gigantic human hive.

1768 – Bourbon warships arrive in the ports of Lagado and Maldonado with a royal decree ordering the arrest and deportation of all members of the Society of Jesus to Italy. The decree is carried out in the capital, coastal, and southern communities, but the communities inland and north of the main island and on the Aleutian island of Amaknak successfully shelter their comforters from Spanish capture.

1772. Unfettered by the veto of Jesuit arbitrators, the traditional local aristocracy (caciques) attempts to restore feudal tyranny. The aging Untu (supreme ruler) Korug institutes a regime of suppression against the autonomous cabildos, leading to a massive popular uprising. Corug is successfully overthrown and executed, his young son is exiled forever, and the beautiful Princess Cloramida ascends the throne of the archipelago. Initially gaining immense popularity in the provinces thanks to her apparent gentleness and ostentatious benevolence, the young queen quickly falls under the influence of her first minister, Lixdox, who seeks to privatize the common warehouses for the exclusive enrichment of the court.

June 13, 1782. — Lixdox's oligarchic tyranny brings densely populated areas of the main island to the brink of starvation, sparking a popular revolution. Within two days, workers from the capital's provinces, armed only with bladed weapons, suppress the king's musketeers in a horrific massacre and destroy the remnants of the corrupt court. Representatives of the communes elect Íkar, the charismatic organizer of the revolution, as head of government, granting him dictatorial powers.

1784. After two years of filling warehouses, the People's Representative Council abolishes the ancient hereditary title of Untu, transferring all property, fields, and workshops to the exclusive ownership of the communes. This event marks the birth of the state of the "United Communes of Balniwia," governed by a newly formed Executive Body (Komisia). To permanently isolate the government from monarchical memories of Lagado, Íkar orders the construction of a new capital in the center of the country, in the Tair River valley.

[Rusiok]

A short retelling of Étienne Cabet's novel "Voyage to Icaria."

Twenty-two-year-old Lord William Cerisdall noticed a grammar textbook on a friend's desk, became intrigued by the language and the country, and decided to travel to mysterious Icaria.

On December 22, 1835, the journey of Lord W. Cerisdoll and his servant John to Íkaria began. From London, they had to sail by sailboat across the Atlantic Ocean, travel overland through Mexico, and again sail by whaler through Hawaii to the commune of Kamiris in the nearest foreign port. On the way, Cerisdoll learned the Íkarian language in four months. The lord paid the consul four hundred guineas in advance for four months for two and received Guest Letters for free use of all the benefits on a par with the locals. Foreigners do not pay customs duties, since they were abolished by Íkar back in 1786.

Further, the conditions of the journey became comfortable: they were accompanied everywhere by tegari (guardians), information brochures, sculptures, and instructive inscriptions. In city of Tirama, they were greeted by a sign in huge letters: "Íkaria nati Bra o'al natia." (The Ikarian people are the brother of all other peoples.)  In 1836, steam locomotives were still weak, so when there was a difference in altitude, the carriages were raised and lowered by special mechanisms. The railway network on the main island consists of twelve unconnected sections, which meant that the lord and his companion had to travel from the port of Tirama by stagecoach through the mountains, then by rail to the city of Kamira, then by steamer along the wide Tair River and again by rail to the new capital of Íkara.

The places are properly planned and built up with typical four-story houses with various decorations, among which are numerous public gardens. In the capital, one large hotel has been built for local travelers, divided into sections by province, while a separate hotel is provided for foreigners.

The tegar of Tirama informed the young lord that his traveling companion would be a young man his own age. Cerisdall spent the entire journey in animated conversation with this Walmor, who, with an air of modest pride, mentioned that his father was "a prominent figure in the capital," his sister a celebrated beauty, and that he lived in Icar in a large house shared by twenty-six relatives, while he himself was preparing for ordination to the priesthood. Arriving at a foreign inn in the capital, Cerisdall met Eugène, a young French artist who, within two weeks, had unraveled the Commune's hidden hierarchy, explaining that young Walmor was indeed considered a promising young man: his father, formally a "locksmith," was actually the head of the Waporo mechanical engineering commune, and his sister, although a "seamstress," was considered a future leader in the Reu textile commune.

Eugène led Cerisdall into a public hall filled with maps and plans. An administrative map shows the borders of Íkaria, its provinces, and communes. Arrows indicate neighboring countries: British Columbia, the United States, Hawaii, and the Russian Empire, with their old Balnibarbian names. The country is divided into one hundred provinces. Each province and commune has a capital. The province they are currently in is divided into ten communes. In addition to the city, their commune includes eight villages and numerous farms.

The physical maps show mountains and valleys, plateaus and lowlands, lakes and rivers, canals and railways, major highways with stone troughs, and provincial roads.

Construction of Íkaria's capital began according to a rational plan in 1784 and will be completed in fifteen or twenty years. The capital consists of sixty quarters (communes). The city's staragomi (omnibuses) are pulled along the troughs by horses. More than fifty five-story stables have been built on the outskirts, each housing between two and three thousand horses.

Lord Cerisdall visits the Walmor family. The head of the family, a seventy-two-year-old man, was the son of a duke before the Revolution of 1782 and was also a friend of Icarus, on whose behalf he visited England. His sons were destined to become earls, marquises, and barons, but now one is a mechanic, another a printer, and a third an architect. Walmor will become a priest, his brother a painter; and the girls have their own professions.

Lord Cerisdall and Eugène visited the printing house—a building whose second floor is supported by hundreds of small iron columns and where five thousand printers work. This printing house was built by the republic. Everything is mechanized and rationally organized. The workshops and all the workers associated with printing are grouped in one block, forming a small town.

Dinar, a history professor and friend of Walmor, explains the social structure of Íkaria.
Property is owned communally. There are no poor or servants. All Íkarians are citizens, equal in rights; all are voters and have the right to be elected; all are members of the National Guard. The People's Representative Council consists of two thousand deputies who deliberate together in a single chamber. The executive body, consisting of the president and fifteen other members, half of whom are renewed annually, reports to the People's Representative Council. All facts are statistically recorded and published in a popular newspaper, which is distributed to all citizens.

Corilla's final words on the Icarian Revolution:
"The dictator elected by the people, the kind and courageous Icarus, proved to be the best of men! It is to him and our noble ancestors, his comrades, that we owe the prosperity we enjoy today."

All the houses in the city are identical inside, and each house is occupied by only one family. However, houses come in three sizes—three, four, or five windows in a row for families of fewer than twelve, twenty-five, or forty people. When a family is larger (which is often the case), it occupies two smaller houses connected by an internal passage.

On the Labor Army: "At seventeen for girls and at eighteen for boys, special and vocational training begins... The study of all these courses, compulsory for all young people, continues until the age of twenty and twenty-one; they are taken after the day's work."

"Boys begin working at eighteen, girls at seventeen, since the first years of their lives are devoted to the development and education of their strength. Older people are exempt from work—men from sixty-five, women from fifty."

"The Republic organizes many courses for people of all ages, for example, a course in human history."

Cerisdall returned in June 1837, more delighted with Icaria, but ill, tormented by grief, with a broken heart, as if dying.

[Rusiok]

BALNIBARBI (United Communes of Balnibarbi)

Article from the General Geographical and Historical Dictionary, published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1845.

Balnibarbi (also known in European literature as Icaria) is a large (472,000 km²) independent state located on the main island of the same name and adjacent islands in the North Pacific Ocean. The special structure of this land, where private property and monetary circulation are completely absent, and life is subject to strict collectivism, causes heated debate in Europe.
London satirists (in particular, the late Dean Jonathan Swift in his fiction about Captain Gulliver) unjustifiably accused the locals of crazy projects. At the same time, the novel "Voyage en Icarie" was recently published in Paris. It is based on the memoirs of Lord Kerisdall, who visited the country in 1836, and in which local life is overly romanticized.


🌍 Geography, climate and natural resources

Description of landscapes and geomorphology

Mountain ranges running from south to north and south to northeast, as well as several active volcanoes, divide the main island into fertile valleys. The Aleutian Island chain serves as a natural bridge connecting Russian America with the northern tip of Balnibarbi. In the extreme south there is a long narrow peninsula, and to the west of it lies the island of Laputa (an ancient citadel of local rulers and Jesuits, which travelers of the last century described as a "flying island"). To the southeast of Balnibarni begins the chain of Hawaiian Islands.

Climatic conditions

Due to its unique location and warm ocean currents, the climate of the main part of Balnibarbi is temperate, mild and cool. Winters here are almost snowless, and summers are long and humid. The southern peninsula and the island of Laputa lie in a zone of fertile, sunny subtropics, where citrus fruits, tea and mulberries are grown.

Natural resources

The country is extremely rich in minerals and raw materials:
Copper, tin, lead, zinc and other metals: Rich surface deposits, which in ancient times allowed the locals to achieve perfection in bronze casting.
Coal and sulfur: Available in volcanic zones and used for the needs of state manufactories.
Valuable forests: Massifs of giant coniferous and deciduous trees that provide first-class wood.

📜 History and ideological foundations of the State of Equality

Ancient era and discoveries

The island was inhabited by people in ancient times, even before the final division of humanity into modern races. For a long time, the Balnibarbi people developed in isolation, creating a unique culture.

In the middle of the 16th century, the island was discovered by Spanish navigators. Not finding gold and silver here and recognizing the temperate climate as unsuitable for quick enrichment, the Madrid court transferred these lands under the care of the Jesuit Order, led by Saint Francis Xavier.

Jesuit Reductions and Cabildo Self-Government (16th–18th Centuries)
The institutional and moral foundation of Balnibarbi was laid by missionaries from the Society of Jesus. They adapted the Spanish model of municipal self-government (cabildo). Each year, each reduction (commune) elected its own council, composed exclusively of indigenous people, usually from among the hereditary aristocrats—the caciques. Day-to-day civil order was administered by two local judges, the alcaldes. They adjudicated all common disputes, petty thefts, cases of drunkenness, domestic violence, or laziness in the communal fields. Jesuit priests, assigned to each of the several thousand missions, had the power to mitigate punishments and acted as supreme spiritual arbiters. This judicial system completely prohibited long-term imprisonment, torture, and the death penalty.

In the 1782 - 1784, the monarchy was liquidated. This event in Balnibarbi is called the Great Íkarian Revolution, after the pseudonym of the first president for life. Íkar and subsequent presidents concentrated all wealth in commune ownership by confiscating the lands and property of the Jesuits and the former aristocracy.

During the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, when the connection with the metropolis was broken, Íkar proclaimed the independence of Balnibarbi-Ikaria. The country's independence was recognized by friendly American republics, the Russian Empire (which took advantage of this to settle the maritime border of its Aleutian Islands with Balnibarbi), Japan (which seized the disputed Lagnegg Islands in return) and, gradually, other major powers.

👥 Population, language and customs

Anthropological type and settlement

The indigenous Balnibarbians represent the so-called "second white race". They have fair skin, broad faces with European eye shape and extremely thick, lush beards in men. The population of 25  millions is evenly distributed across the island. Large cities such as the new capital Íkar, the former capital Lagado, its main rival Lindalino, Laputa, Kamira and Maldonado are divided into communes, each associated with a commune-owned factory or warehouse.

Language

The local language is a structured jargon used by Jesuit scholastic at the Great Academy of Laputa to teach students. All words are nouns. Oblique cases are formed by unstressed prepositions. The roots of the Latin language and local dialects are reduced to one syllable, making the language concise and easy to learn.

Religion and morality

The temples are simple, resembling large meeting halls. Every Sunday, citizens gather for a joint prayer, after which the mentors read out government decrees and analyze the faults of community members. All Christian denominations allow their followers to participate in prayer in Balnibarbi churches.

Life

All Balnibarbians wear the same, comfortable clothes made of gray or blue cloth, which are issued from common pantries. The family is sacred, but the upbringing of children after the age of 5 is controlled by the state.

⚙️ Economy and foreign trade

There is no domestic market in the country. The state is the only economic organism. However, foreign trade is conducted very actively through a special komisiBeru (Ministry of Supply) in the port of Maldonado on the southern peninsula.

What is Balnibarbi rich in for export:
– Products made of high-quality bronze and other copper alloys. Traditional Balnibarbi kitchen and tableware decorated with exquisite carving, artistic casting and tools that do not know wear;
– Furs, wool, silk, Laputan tea and medicinal balms are highly valued and are bought by American and British merchants;
– Ship materials. Strong timber and ropes of special weaving.

All proceeds in foreign currency go exclusively to the state treasury for the purchase of European steam engines, designs and advanced technologies.

🧳 Tips and warnings for travelers and specialists

🚫 Strict prohibitions

Your money will be sealed at customs. Instead, you will be given a "Guest Letter", according to which in special shelters you will receive food, clothing and housing on an equal basis with everyone else.

It is forbidden to import any European books, newspapers or tracts without a visa from the Episko (Episcopate).

It is forbidden to make any private deals, exchange things with the residents or give them European souvenirs.

💡 Useful guidelines

Keep to the schedule: Life in the reductions begins and ends with the ringing of the bell. Lunches in the communal dining rooms, work in the workshops and rest are regulated to the minute.

When communicating with local leaders or mentors, avoid praising European luxury or political freedoms.

[Rusiok]

WITNESS NOTES: THREE WEEKS IN UNALASHKA. From the notebook of the board secretary, K. M. Borzenko, who was the Russian representative to the International Commission on Marine Fisheries in Northern Waters. "Library for Reading," Volume CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

June 4th. Our brig, the Saint Theodosius, finally dropped anchor in Illulyuk Harbor. Formally, these bleak cliffs of the Aleutian Mountains belong to our sovereign Emperor, and we, his officials, have found ourselves here during the current (Crimean) War, unleashed against the Fatherland by the European powers. However, the reality of these places stands in stark contrast to the maps in the "Consolidated Atlas." Russian influence in Unalashka is now visible only in the lonely log office building of the Russian-American Company and the blue onion-shaped dome of the Orthodox Church of the Ascension of Our Lord. The rest of the harbor is filled with foreigners. A vibrant, noisy, and decidedly un-Russian life rages here: crowds of American purchasing officers, Canadian hunters, British sailors. And, on the western side of the harbor, there is the entire Balnibarbi commune of Kamiris, with its enormous Catholic cathedral, built by the Jesuits before the Russians arrived in the Aleutians, has now been stripped of all its former splendor and magnificence. Not a trace remains of the gilded altars; today, it's a stern, gray building serving purely governmental functions: a registry office, distribution warehouse, and court for the local Icarian community. The Icarians themselves, it seemed to me, are, for the most part, completely indifferent to the lofty ideals of their ancestors' evangelical communism; rather, their eyes betray a weariness from endless planning and regulation.

June 9. — The International Marine Fisheries Commission is working tirelessly. Armed vessels sailing under the Commission's blue and white pennants strictly enforce fishing times, quotas, and methods to prevent the extermination of fur seals. The real scourge of these waters are the Americans; their schooners brazenly and recklessly violate the convention. Alas, our own independent industrialists, unbridled in their madness for profit, are not far behind. Canadian whaling ranks third on this shameful list only because its vessels are less frequently detained in international waters, where the guns of the Royal Navy stand at their backs.

However, at today's meeting, the American representative, Mr. G.D., showed bias towards the only Japanese whaling vessel that entered the harbor. The poor Asians, whose navigation and fishing methods seem barbaric to Europeans, were punished with the arrogance of the true masters of the Pacific: they were threatened with the guns of the New York squadrons and demanded the maximum fine for the slightest deviation from the rules.

Meanwhile, the British members of the Commission behave with cold, icy contempt toward us, representatives of hostile Russia. While the guns of Sevastopol thunder, the English gentlemen in the conference room do not deign to utter a single unnecessary word, communicating exclusively through written memoranda and demonstratively turning away when meeting on the embankment.

I found true solace from this icy arrogance on the western shore of the harbor. Hundreds of Icarian sailors and craftsmen, having changed their work clothes, gather for a choral chant, playing virtuoso brass flutes and horns, while their youths staged athletic contests in the square and laughed. Upon learning that we were Russian, the Icarians vied with each other to practice the language they had learned in school. These evening festivals, inherited from the old Jesuit reductions, serve as the best break from the daily routine, giving any talented person a chance to be noticed and even receive a place in the University.

June 14. — The scandal at the Commission meeting reached its climax. An American offender, caught illegally fishing near the Pribilof Islands, was forcibly detained and brought to port. The American representative resorted to disingenuousness: he loudly declared that the detention was illegal, since all Russian warships had been recalled to the Okhotsk coast to protect Nikolaevsk and Ayan due to the ongoing war, and there was no one to guard the area. Imagine his fury when it was discovered that the Americans had been intercepted and arrested by the Balnibarbi naval corvette 'Íkar weu' (Ikarus Truth), which had raised the flag of the International Commission! The American representative shouted that the Balnibarbis had no right to raise this flag, that their actions constituted piracy. The Icarian delegate, who stood up, merely quoted the treaty clause obligating the Parties to maintain a cruiser fleet to protect the pact, while our representative, State Councilor Ozerov, dryly reminded the Anglo-Saxons that as long as Russia owns Aleutian, we dictate the rules here.

June 19th. — Yesterday, Monday evening, the Balnibardians were animatedly discussing among themselves, and since I couldn't understand them, they politely translated into Russian for me that on Sunday, in the square outside the assembly hall, Brother Mentor, in front of all the honorable folk, had publicly exposed and tried a sailor from the state-owned merchant ship 'komuneTirama' (Tirama Commune). The scale of this unfortunate man's sin was truly colossal: in the hold of his ship, an entire bundle of fashionable European clothing was found, which the sailor had secretly bartered with visiting merchants and concealed, not turning it in for so-called "foreign checks." For the Icarians, who zealously maintain their loyalty to the communal charter, this event came as a bolt from the blue. The culprit made no denials and humbly listened to the Alcalde Brothers' verdict: he would never again return to seafaring. How harshly the local planning system punishes the slightest attempt at personal gain!

[Rusiok]

EYEWITNESS NOTES: THE BLACK SANDS OF LAGADO.
From a letter by Mr. Hendrik van de Berg, a mechanical engineer from Rotterdam. "Library for Reading," Vol. CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

August 18th. — After two months of grueling travel, we finally unloaded our dredger, assembled at the Fienoord shipyards, on the beach of the town of Lagado. The local engineers showed almost religious respect for our machine. This is hardly surprising, however: in Balnibarbi, the only iron ore is titanomagnetite sand, which thickly covers the seashores and riverbeds. Our steam pump, belching columns of black smoke, is capable of lifting tons of this black sludge from the bottom per hour, sending it straight to the separation chutes.

Two battalions of the Labor Army continue to manually wash the sand in the shallows. One battalion consists of young men drafted from northern communes—broad-shouldered and strong beyond their years. The other battalion consists of slender girls from the fertile southern peninsula. The boys and girls work on opposite sides of the channel, but with great competitive fervor, calling to each other across the water. In the evening, under the supervision of Brother-Mentors, they are allowed to meet in common areas for dancing and sports.

August 22nd. — The local engineers, though lacking European polish, are surprisingly quick with mechanics. They've fitted our Dutch unit with a special system of traps. Black sand clings to the magnets, and the waste rock is sent back to the river. The senior foreman, a stern old man named Brother Lucas, explained to me in Latin* that during European coke smelting, titanium oxides clogged the furnace, and valuable vanadium went into slag. However, by melting sand and lime with external heating, they learned that it provides great strength and corrosion resistance to steel.

*Per processum fusionis Europaeorum, oxida titanii fornacem obstruxerunt, et vanadium pretiosum in scoria amisit. Attamen, harenam et calcem liquefaciendo calefactione externa, didicerunt magnam firmitatem et resistentiam corrosionis ferro praebere.

August 27th. — Work at the factory goes on around the clock, divided into three eight-hour shifts. The workers, of course, don't see any money, but the local proletarians' lives are far from miserable. For the hours they work, they receive coupons backed by commune produce. A single coupon can buy a hearty meal for the whole family, complete with meat, fish, excellent dairy products, and baked goods. Alcohol is unavailable here, but these same coupons are used to obtain clothing, shoes, household items, and much more from commune warehouses, whatever the commune's supply chain has managed to barter. The exchange takes place at the "intercommunal" market, where local commune coupons are highly prized. Since it was late August, fresh fruit from subtropical communes is now available to the workers at the market.

September 2nd. — A breakdown occurred: the crankshaft on the auxiliary lubrication pump cracked. Brother Lucas was personally acquainted with the director of our "community-forming" iron smelter. This young and energetic man, who combined the duties of plant director and spiritual mentor of the community, personally arrived on shore, inspected the breakdown, and immediately, without any bureaucracy, ordered the necessary spare part to be manufactured in the machine shop and a supply of lubricant. Local government here acts with astonishing speed when it comes to the common good and the smooth operation of the state plan. Our unit began smoking again by the evening of the same day, and Brother Lucas, consulting his punch cards, declared with satisfaction: "The rhythm of Lagado has been maintained, the commune plan has been fulfilled on time!"

[Rusiok]

EYEWITNESS NOTES: INTERCOMMUNAL MARKETS
From the travel notes of A. I. Levitov, Master of Philosophy, Adjunct Professor of Political Economy and Statistics at the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
"Library for Reading," Volume CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

September 12th. — My first encounter with Balnibarbi began with an incident. At the Laputian customs house, the stern Brothers, silently and completely ignoring my heated objections, confiscated and sealed my entire travel library with sealing wax. I had hoped to find here a living embodiment of the ideas of Proudhon's mutualism and Reformist socialism of Louis Blanc. However, the customs officials remained deaf to science. Despite all this, these zealots of equality eagerly questioned me about the European goods I could bring with me for sale (and which I didn't have). Meanwhile, the officials vied with each other in extolling the government's system of exchange, convincing me of the benefits of handing over foreign clothing and especially colonial goods. They assured me that in exchange, a foreigner would receive special "foreign checks," which would immediately redeem anything the foreign gentleman desired from the government warehouses—from Laputian balsams to the finest silk. A surprising paradox: a government that frantically guards its communities from European books, yet lures foreigners with the benefits of abundant goods to replenish its own foreign currency coffers.

September 16th. — I had the opportunity to observe the phenomenon of an inter-communal market, which is still in its infancy. Since there is still no unified currency in the country, and each commune prints its own paper coupons to record hours worked, these receipts have become de facto local currencies. At these markets, procurement agents, dispatched by their communes with official route sheets, conduct before our very eyes a complex clearing exchange of coupons from different communes, changing their exchange rates every week, and exchange iron from the capital of Lagado or northern timber for local subtropical products.

September 21st. — State inspectors (the Brothers-Controllers) are, of course, present at these markets, but they are unable to physically monitor prices, as there is no single currency in the country and it is impossible to set a fixed rate. Instead, feverish statistical activity is underway in their official booths. The inspectors tirelessly record the spontaneously evolving exchange rates of coupons from various communes. This entire mass of figures is transferred daily to special punched cards. These cards are hastily sent to the central committee in the capital. There, these cards are run through mechanical tabulators, thereby tracking hidden economic shortages and identifying communes whose coupons are rapidly declining in value. Otherwise, the inspectors' duties are purely rational: they check the travel orders of supply workers, vigilantly monitor sanitary safety, mercilessly burning away any rottenness, and protect the center's monopoly on gunpowder and weapons. The most exclusive commodity in Ikaria, of course, is all foreign imports. Therefore, the most coveted and scarce medium of exchange in the markets remains those very same "foreign checks" for surrendered currency and colonial goods. A supply worker who obtains such checks is revered as a hero, for with them, the commune leadership can officially release real treasures from the warehouses.

September 25th. — I attended a meeting of the Political Economy Department at the Grand Academy of Laputa, where I had a lengthy and very frank conversation with local academic professors, who have now cast off their former Jesuit scholasticism in favor of rigorous mathematical planning. To my surprise, the main topic of our debate was not the dogmas of communism, but the acute, existential shortage of tropical goods that is literally strangling the Balnibarbi economy. Industrialization requires rubber for insulation, palm oil and copra for lubricating steam engines, cotton and jute for manufacturing. The food and household needs of a population of 32 million, raised on hearty government meals, require colossal quantities of coffee, cocoa, sugar, spices, seafood, and fresh fruit, which the meager nature of the northern plateau cannot produce. The Maldonado Peninsula and Laputa itself, despite all the agronomists' tricks, are unable to satisfy this gigantic appetite. In this academic department, it became completely clear to me why the local Market Controllers so greedily hunt for foreign goods, and why "foreign checks" have become the island's most coveted currency.

[Rusiok]

WITNESS'S NOTES: THE MECHANICAL MIND OF LAPUTA. From the unpublished autobiographical memoirs of Mr. Per Georg Scheutz, Swedish inventor, mechanic, and foreign academician of the Grand Academy of Laputa. "Reading Library," Vol. CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

August 11. — I don't want to exaggerate my achievements, for I am only one of hundreds of specialists whom the Balnibarbi government temporarily hires each year to carry out tasks. But in my heart, I am proud of myself. My assignment was highly ambitious: to develop and implement a mechanical accounting system in the Balnibarbi Commune. When I first arrived on the island, I thought I had found myself in a mechanic's paradise. I was given a fully equipped watchmaking workshop with machines and tools of incredible precision. The craftsmen in this workshop had previously created complex music boxes and automatic barrel organs that played state psalms. Instead of money, the government granted me unlimited state supplies. Tons of various metal blanks awaited me: rods, wires, and plates, as well as various lubricants and grinding pastes. And most importantly, I was given the right to order whatever I wanted from the warehouses. I divided the craftsmen into two groups. I assigned the older craftsmen to creating a computing system with a rotating bronze cylinder, where brass pins clang against copper levers.

August 12. —The second group of young craftsmen created a machine system in which a weak electrical impulse from a galvanic battery replaced a mechanical lever.

They used thin vulcanized paper cards—the same industrial cardboard used in Europe for Jacquard looms. A paper card could be punched in a second with a simple hand tool! Delicate steel needles were used to read the cardboard punch cards: where there is cardboard, the electrical circuit is broken; where there is a hole, the needle touches a metal surface, completing the galvanic circuit and advancing the counter dials at the speed of thought.

However, this machine system required entirely different materials, highly unusual for the old mechanics who were accustomed only to heavy bronze castings and whale oil. To build these electrical tabulators, we desperately needed natural rubber (caoutchouc) for wire insulation, purified mercury for non-arcing fluid switches, fine silk threads and sheets of natural mica to wrap the electromagnet coils, and large quantities of copper sulfate and refined acids for the Daniell galvanic cells. Some of these materials were in extremely short supply even across this vast state, forcing us to rely on the precious contraband stocks of the southern ports.

Questions about their supplies soon reached the highest level—the head of the Grand Academy of Laputa. Meetings of the Academy council, responding to my inquiries and demands for raw materials, alternated with heated discussions on the nascent inter-communal markets. The Academy's primary task became the centralization of market records on the exchange volumes of key communal products (such as bean harvests, metallurgy, timber, and coal) and the fluctuating exchange rates of labor coupons between communes.

Tabulators based on mechanical engagement were the first to be tested in market controller booths, but they became a source of daily drama. Controllers manually punched holes in heavy brass plates using lever presses. It was a slow, grueling process; suppliers grumbled in long lines, and the plates often became deformed or jammed in the feeder valves, bringing the state's accounting to a terrifying halt.

August 14. — The same dramatic traffic jam paralyzes their communication lines. Currently, the Icarians transmit their data using a network of light (optical) telegraphs. On each high hill stands a stone tower with a massive reflector of polished bronze. When a stack of brass punched cards is ready, an operator inserts it into a giant lantern mechanism. Sunlight—or burning metal filings at night—flares through the holes, transmitting coded signals from tower to tower.
It's a grand, majestic spectacle, but last Tuesday, a thick fog blew in from the sea, and for three days, the Grand Academy was completely blind to the needs of the ports. The entire state apparatus was paralyzed, unable to balance the falling rates of commune coupons. I proposed a new experiment to the Board: running insulated copper wires along the new railway lines. This would allow binary data to be transmitted through pitch-black night, through storms and fog, with the simple clicks of an electrical relay.

August 28th. — The regular session of the Academy, at which I finally demonstrated the overwhelming advantage of electrical impulses over physical levers, ended abruptly by the requirement of the strict state regulations, only to give way to the next scheduled assembly. The old Academicians remained stubborn, terrified of a force they could not see. As I was already leaving the hall, right in the doorway, my opponents shouted after me in frustration: "But you must understand, Hendrik, that your proposal would require the creation of an entirely new branch of industry!" I turned back and replied with all the firmness I could muster: "Then we must create this branch of industry!" One of the district representatives from the communes, who was walking towards us into the hall for the next meeting, heard these words and stopped dead in his tracks. He rudely poked his finger at me, turned to his retinue, and exclaimed: "There it is! This is exactly what Linda needs!" He immediately ordered his personal secretary to linger in the reception room, find me, and arrange a private meeting at once.

Lagado, a city on the southeastern shore of the main island, declared capital by the early Jesuits, and Lindalino, located on the southwestern shore, were longtime rivals. Unfortunately for Lindalino, it was Lagado's black beach, the largest on the island, that was chosen for the exploitation of titanomagnetite sands, and its metallurgical centre quickly flourished. Lindalino, however, remained in the old era of wood, stone, and bronze.

This is why that chance meeting at the doors of the Academy  led to my electrical engineering project gaining its own new community, Eleitro (which means "Electro" in the Balnibarbian language), and the city of Lindalino acquiring a much-needed advanced industry.

[Rusiok]

EYEWITNESS NOTES:
Commentary by retired Captain 2nd Rank of the Naval Artillery Corps P. A. Pereleshin.
"Library for Reading," Volume CXXXIV, No. 10, October 1855.

October 14th. — The editors of "Library for Reading" magazine asked me to evaluate four eyewitness accounts concerning our Fatherland's eastern neighbor—the commune of Balnibarbi-Icaria.

I took on this assignment, or rather, dared to judge the veracity of these accounts, due to my long-standing connection, through my past service, with this strange land. Like the author of the first account, I was involved with the International Commission on Marine Fisheries in Northern Waters. However, Konstantin Maksimovich Borzenko is a diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while I was in military service with the Admiralty.

Like all four authors of these notes, I became quite close with the Balnibarbian Brothers. Like Alexander Ivanovich Levitov, I visited our neighbors as a guest. The difference was that the esteemed professor studied economics, while I was interested in artillery and its manufacture on the island.

And I did indeed meet many invited European experts there, such as Messrs. Henrik van de Berg and Per Georg Scheutz. And with the help of such experts and their own engineers, the Communards' industry is indeed already catching up with the most developed countries in Europe, and their rails, artillery pieces, armor, and tools made of chrome-vanadium steel have already outpaced European progress.

As a result of this experience, I found all four notes remarkably truthful and vivid descriptions. For my part, I'll stand up for the Balnibarbian aborigines, whom I admire, even now they're considered either sullen fanatics or victims of heartless coercion into identical poverty.

Despite these depressing characteristics, the Balnibarbians, at least, do not wage merciless wars among themselves or against their neighbors, do not sell human beings like cattle, and do not exhaust their workers with long hours and miserable wages. Therefore, let us look at their historically established customs and mores, if not with outright approval, then at least with kindly indulgence. They are living people, and like us, they strive for goodness and happiness.

And here I must emphasize that we, the loyal subjects of our God-protected Autocrat, must abandon our disdain for the 'naive, evangelical communism' of these bearded men—who resemble us so much—and adopt the Balnibarbians' method of evenly developing the outskirts. I am, of course, speaking of our own Pacific frontier, directly opposite their islands.

Along its entire length of five thousand miles*, there are currently only three operational ports: Ayan, Unalaska, and Novoarkhangelsk.
*) From the border with the lands of the Qin dynasty, stretching along the taiga and tundra to Chukotka and encompassing the entire territory of Russian America. The first of these ports remains completely undeveloped and unequipped, while the other two are situated on remote islands and mostly serve the needs of foreign traders, with little benefit to the surrounding mainland.

It is of vital importance for us to grant our Far Eastern volosts the same economic independence as the Balnibarbian communes. First and foremost, we must grant the local merchants of the Ayan port the right to duty-free trade, and, most importantly, begin laying a railway from Yakutsk to the ocean without sparing any gold. The useful example of these eastern islanders should be appreciated all the more in the present hour of terrible trials, when the treacherous Anglo-French assault on our Pacific borders has recalled all regular forces to the main coast, leaving the fate of these waters to depend solely on the vigilance of private individuals and the friendly-neutral Icarians of Russia, for which they deserve our sincere respect

[Rusiok]

February 7, 1855. — The Treaty of Shimoda is signed between the Russian Empire and Japan, establishing "perpetual peace and sincere friendship." Under this bilateral convention, Russian and Japanese subjects are granted mutual state protection regarding personal safety and the inviolability of their property. The Japanese government opens the ports of Shimoda, Hakodate, and Nagasaki to Russian vessels, permitting mutual trade and the future establishment of a Russian consulate. As a tactical diplomatic concession, Russia relinquishes its patronage over the Ainu populations of Hokkaido and its adjacent islets, many of whom had already been converted to Orthodoxy by Russian missionaries. Distracted by the ongoing Crimean War, Russia is unable to utilize the newly opened harbors. Soon after, Britain and France secure identical treaties, actively utilizing Japanese ports as strategic staging grounds for their naval incursions against the Russian Pacific coast.

February 28, 1855 – The Panama Railroad opens commercially between Colon on the Atlantic coast and Panama City on the Pacific Ocean. Because cargo passes through two additional transit points and awaits connecting ships, the bulk of freight traffic continues to flow through the Strait of Magellan or around Cape Horn, maintaining the isolation of the North Pacific economy.

November 14, 1855 – In response to the forced opening of Japan by the Atlantic powers, the Komisia (government) of Balniwia voluntarily opened all its major ports, in addition to the southern port of Maldonado/Maldo. International merchant ships now had access to the following harbors: Laputa on the island of the same name, Lindalino/Linda in the southwest, Tirama in the north, Kamira in the east, and the ex-capital of Lagado in the southeast. While incoming books and newspapers would remain under strict censorship by the bishopric, foreign merchants would be granted free access to warehouses managed by the komisiBeru (Ministry of Supply), on the condition that all transactions were strictly converted into "foreign vouchers."

November 25, 1855. — The Komisia (Balniwian government) legalized its "foreign checks," backed by highly liquid imports, converting them into a national currency called the monsu. The introduction of a convertible currency was timely. Driven by rapidly growing demand fueled by the California Gold Rush and the opening of new land markets in the Greater Mahele region, American planters in Honolulu desperately needed capital, as Washington was delaying the conclusion of a duty-free trade treaty. Having significant monsu capital on hand allowed Maldonado purchasing agents to outbid American capitalists and secure financing for the booming sugarcane and coffee plantations in Hawaii

March 18, 1856 – The Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the Crimean War. Article XI was of fundamental importance to Russia, stipulating the complete neutralization of the Black Sea, prohibiting all regional powers from maintaining naval fleets, while Article XIII prohibited the establishment of naval arsenals and fortresses on its coast. Left without a Black Sea Fleet, the Russian crown transferred thousands of highly qualified naval officers, navigators, and shipwrights to other maritime frontiers, primarily to the Pacific Ocean and to the Volunteer Merchant Fleet vessels plying between the Black Sea and Baltic ports and the Far East.

April 21, 1856. — Bricklayers and builders in Melbourne, Australia, stage a massive protest march, resulting in the first industry-wide eight-hour workday outside of Balniwia, without wage reduction. The success of the Melbourne builders sparked similar demands by workers across Australia and New Zealand.

October 31, 1856. — Emperor Alexander II signs an Imperial Ukase (decree) declaring the harbor of Ayan a duty-free port (porto-franco) and restructuring the administration of the Pacific frontiers. Under this decree, the Far Eastern possessions are strictly bifurcated along the meridian 169°30' W. All islands, territories, and strategic marine rookeries lying to the west of this line—including the Pribilof Islands, St. Lawrence Island —are entirely removed from the monopoly of the Russian-American Company and placed under the newly established Ayan Military Governorship, led by Actual State Councilor Yuliy Ivanovich Stubendorf. The new maritime province encompasses the entire ice-free open Pacific coastline from the border of China up to Chukotka, establishing its land border along the oceanic watershed under the strategic command of Irkutsk. The decree, published in the Irkutsk Provincial Gazette, sparks an immediate commercial boom, while Icarian scholars in Kamiris, fluent in Russian, translate it into the Balniu basu (Balnibarbian language) for swift transmission via optical telegraph to the Great Academy on Laputa.

November 14, 1856 – The city of Nikolaevsk is founded on the site of the Nikolaev outpost at the mouth of the Amur River, in the ancestral territory of the ruling Manchu Qin dynasty of neighboring China, weakened by the Opium Wars. The bulk of the newly formed city's population consists of starving, impoverished refugees from devastated settlements along the Russian Pacific coast, evacuated before and after the merciless attacks of Anglo-French warships. Neutral Balniwia sends the refugees a huge shipment of humanitarian aid, laden with high-calorie rations, warm clothing, construction tools, nails, hardware, and window glass.

July 14, 1857 – The Balniwian government authorizes the founding of Sandu (two sands), the first Balniwian commune established outside the country's original territories, on an atoll with two sandy islands. Discovered decades earlier by fishermen from the mouth of the Tair River due to their geographic proximity, these two islands, with their highest point 13 meters above sea level, were originally a naval base for the KomisiUl (Ministry of War). Today, the atoll's population has achieved economic self-sufficiency through seafood and guano harvesting, and serving as a staging post en route to the fertile Hawaiian chain.

May 14, 1858. — The Yakutsk-Ayan Railway Joint-Stock Company is officially established, following a bilateral charter registered by the Russian Ministry of Finance and the komisiBeru (Ministry of Supply) of Balniwia. The dynamic enterprise is split asunder as a 50/50 joint venture between a syndicate of Siberian merchant tycoons, led by the prominent Irkutsk gold magnate Mikhail Alexandrovich Sibiryakov, and a coalition of three Balnibarbi industrial communes: Haliu (steel), Eleitro (electric) and talaWelu (canvas). The shares are strictly backed by barter commodities: the Icarian communes provide high-grade chrome-vanadium rails, steam-powered excavators, and standardized canvas workwear, while the Siberian merchants supply premium timber for ties, structural stone, and mass provisions of grain and meat for the mobilization of the workers.

On June 12, 1858, just a few weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Aigun and before the final demarcation of the border, the 13th Siberian Line Battalion marched through the entire Amur region, newly annexed to Russia, and crossed to the right bank of the Amur, that is, into the territory of Primorye, which was to be jointly administered by Russia and China. Under the command of Captain Yakov Dyachenko, this military unit established an important strategic foothold at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers – the settlement of Khabarovka.

September 14, 1859 – The Balniwia komisiBeru made its first contracts with Melanesian chiefs (New Hebrides and Solomon Islands) to counter British and Australian "employers" who were stealing local labour for the Queensland plantations. The Balniwian patriarchal families settled in their spacious homes on the islands, between which Íkarian warships patrolled. In return for this armed protection, the Melanesian leaders granted Balniwia a monopoly on the wholesale purchase of copra and wild rubber in the region, paid in monsu currency.

October 24–25, 1860 – Following the Second Opium War, the Treaties of Peking were signed, radically altering the geopolitical landscape of East Asia and the Pacific. Under these treaties, the weakened Qing Empire paid a massive indemnity, opened Tianjin to foreign trade, and authorized the use of Chinese labor as virtual slave labor in British and French colonies. While Great Britain acquired the southern part of the Kowloon Peninsula, Russia received the Ussuri region. The latter, however, was the hereditary property of the ruling Manchu dynasty, which had strictly limited Chinese settlement in the area for the previous two centuries.

April 12, 1861 - The "Liberation Manifesto" in Russia triggers a massive wave of peasant migration to the Far East.

October 24, 1861. — The Commune of Eleitro successfully completed the first underwater telegraph cable between the mainland of Balniwia and the island of Laputa. This technological breakthrough was achieved using domestic reserves of high-quality gutta-percha, extracted from vast plantations of Eucommia ulmoides (gutta-percha tree), intensively cultivated by armies of labor since 1855.

December 18, 1861 – The Japanese shogun's warship Kanrin Maru arrives at the Ogasawara Islands (Bonin) to reassert its sovereignty. However, it is confronted with the presence on each island of a large balniwian house with 15-30 armed relatives in each. These representatives of the komisiBeru control all the plantations of the islands, and the products of the maritime industry are purchased several years in advance. The Japanese authorities were forced to stop direct annexation and begin a protracted territorial dispute, with diplomatic and economic pressure between Edo and Íkar.

June 18, 1862 — The Waporo Commune, from Balniwia's capital, Íkar, secured its first major international export contract, supplying its heavy three-steam freight locomotives for use on the steep slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Payment was made in California gold coins converted into monsu reserves.

June 24, 1862 – Balniwia counterintelligence agents, acting under the guise of "escorting foreigners" for the KomisiEl (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), successfully exposed an industrial spy selling plans for heavy, three-steam freight locomotives to an American manufacturer. The spy had fallen into a trap set twenty years earlier (Slightly different plans had been sent to different workshops in the Vaporo commune). A secret game was played with the exposed spy, who was living on assignment in Los Angeles: he was fed plausible but false information. Several months later, when rumors had died down, the komisiEl reported the violation to the Episko (bishop). The following year, a detective novel set in Prussia was published, alleging that the industrial secret had been sold to the French.

December 20, 1862. — Construction of the Ayan-Yakutsk Railway was completed ahead of schedule, despite work being carried out in two eight-hour shifts in the summer and one eight-hour shift in the winter. The town of Nizhny Bestyakh was founded at the terminus on the right bank of the Lena River, boasting an extensive network of covered warehouses, docks, and slipways for storing cargo during the ice melt. The railway opened the route for the export of hundreds of thousands of tons of cargo, spurring the development of the Lena basin.

Simultaneously, the joint-stock company announced the transfer of all construction workers and equipment across the frozen river to the upper reaches of the Lena, from where construction of railways to the Angara and from Lake Baikal to the Argun, a tributary of the Amur, was to begin.

September 24, 1863 – France consolidates its control over New Caledonia, turning the island into a penal colony. In response, komisiUl of Balniwia orders its gunboats to establish permanent naval patrols around the Solomon Islands and to convert its trading posts into militarized outposts.

August 20, 1864 – King Kamehameha V of Hawaii signs a secret trade agreement with Balniwia, seeking to curb the aggressive economic dominance of American sugarcane planters. After promulgating a new, restrictive royal constitution, the Hawaiian Crown grants KomisiBeru exclusive long-term options to purchase the islands' booming sugar and coffee crops, guaranteed by advance loans from the monsu. This "advanced financing chain" allows the Hawaiian monarchy to bypass New York banks, effectively transferring the island's key agricultural assets to the indirect ownership of Balniwia and fueling bitter long-term geopolitical tensions between Washington and Íkar.

On September 28, 1864 — A mass meeting of 2,000 workers from Great Britain, France, and a few representatives from other countries took place at St. Martin's Hall in London. George Odger, secretary of the London Trades Union Council, read out the "Address of English Workers to Their French Brothers." His statement that "the eight-hour day is the immediate goal of the labor movement, already achieved on the shores of the Pacific in Australia, New Zealand, and Balniwia" elicited cries of delight and disbelief in the hall, especially the mention of the last of these countries. The meeting unanimously resolved to found an international workers' organization with a central committee in London.

[Rusiok]

May 17, 1865. — The International Telegraph Convention is signed in Paris by 21 nations, officially establishing the International Telegraph Union. Balniwia's participation as a founding member recognizes its status as the supreme cybernetic pioneer of the Pacific Rim. By this date, the Eleitro commune has successfully deployed an extensive network of trans-oceanic subsea telegraph cables, linking the Balniwian mainland directly with the Russian free port of Ayan (via the Kamiris commune on Amaknak Island), with Vancouver in British Columbia, and with Honolulu in the Hawaiian Kingdom.

June 22, 1865. The Confederate raider CSS Shenandoah, which had arrived in the Bering Sea on a mission to destroy New England whalers, encountered the neutral Balniwian ironclad corvette Íkar weu, operating as part of the International Marine Fisheries Commission. During the negotiations, Captain Wadell was given the latest English-language newspapers reporting the end of the Civil War. Afterward, the CSS Shenandoah was escorted to the international port of Unalashka, where it lowered the Confederate flag, and the crew was interned.

September 14, 1865 – The Yakut-Ayan Railway Joint-Stock Company completed construction of the strategic line between Ust-Kut and Bratsk-Ostrog. Construction crews, working eight-hour shifts, crossed a 250-kilometer watershed, connecting the vast Yenisei and Lena river systems for the first time. This railway enabled the uninterrupted delivery of raw materials from the Siberian hinterland to the free port of Ayan for the Balniwian economy. The reverse flow of steam engines and machinery sparked a massive economic boom in Irkutsk.

June 5, 1866 – Balniwia finds itself on the brink of abandoning its neutrality for the first time. Due to the rapid expansion of international trade and the establishment of submarine telegraph lines, the 42 million of Balniwia citizens begin closely follow geopolitical events in the Pacific Ocean, developing a deep sympathy for regional states resisting the interventions of the "Atlantic powers." The bloody Franco-Spanish expeditions to Mexico and the outbreak of the Chincha Islands War spark fierce debates in commune councils across the country. Convened immediately after receiving telegraphic news of the brutal Spanish bombardment of the Chilean port of Valparaiso on May 31, the 2,000-member Hoa deputasia (People's Representative Council) for the first time goes beyond simply ratifying treaties (such as the 1844 Convention with the Kingdom of Spain recognizing the independence of the United Communes of Balnibarbi). Although the final resolution strictly adheres to international neutrality, the Council unanimously instructs the Komisa (government) to develop a plan to rearm the komisiUl fleet with the latest steam ironclads.

October 25, 1866 – Due to uncontrollable population inequality among the communes and under the pretext of responding to the turbulent parliamentary crisis of the summer session, the Gi akade (Grand Academy of Laputa) and the committees of the Hoa deputasia (People's Representative Council) implement a radical reform of the electoral system. In place of the 2,000-seat Council, a 450-seat parliament is created, consisting of two chambers: the Upper House of Regions (Regioni palas) and the People's House (Hoa palas). Furthermore, the annual rotation of ministers is abolished. The Komisa kir (head of the executive council, president) will now be elected for four-year terms.

March 30, 1867. — The Treaty of Cession is signed in Washington, D.C., with the United States purchasing the remaining mainland territory of Russian America for $7.2 million after fierce trilateral bidding involving Balniwia. Since Russia had already excluded all territories west of the 168°30' W meridian from the company's possessions under the Ayan Decree of 1856, America initially demanded a price reduction. However, Balniwia's entry into the bidding—which later historians view as a secret conspiracy between St. Petersburg and Íkar to artificially inflate the price—forced Washington to pay the full amount requested to prevent Icarian consolidation on the American continent.
Although Balniwia lost the main bidding, the secret diplomacy between the Komisa and St. Petersburg achieved a major strategic triumph: just before the formal transfer, Russia officially detached the 8.5-square-kilometer Amaknak Island from the larger Unalaska mainland, ceding it permanently to Balniwia. This move legally secured the entire western side of the Iliuliuk Harbor for the Kamiris commune, ensuring Balniwia's absolute freedom of maritime fishing and an unassailable sovereign naval foothold in the North Pacific Ocean, directly facing the new American border across a narrow 152-meter strait.

April 1, 1867 – Balniwia makes its debut at the Paris World's Fair, astonishing Western engineers with the unprecedented technological superiority of its planned economy. In its opulent pavilion, the republic displays a fully furnished, standardized, three-window patriarchal residence, built according to the strict sanitary standards of the komisiAlu, flanked by a working model of an electromagnetic rail carriage, propelled along  cast-iron tracks via an insulated sub-surface copper conduit, drawing its power from a stationary steam-driven dynamo-electric engine. Most notably, two automated telegraph machines developed by the Eleitro commune are on display: one translates cardboard punch cards directly into high-speed Morse code, while the other uses a typewriter keyboard to print double-sided text entries on standardized pages. This mechanical exhibit, complete with ammonia refrigeration units developed for Siberian meat, cements Balniwia's status as a leading technological power in the Pacific Rim.


Excerpt from: The Pacific Mercantile Advertiser, Honolulu, October 1864]. (Preserved in the archive extracts of K. Marx; London, Pamphlet Section of the British Museum).

"...Decree of the Balniwia Government on the Status of a Settlement in the Suburbs of Honolulu (Hawaii). After the signing of a pact with King Kamehameha V, the Hawaiian factory is officially recognized as a self-supporting overseas commune under the name of Saharu (sugar). The registered population is 120 complete patriarchal families (about 3,600 people in total). All calculations are transferred to the system in the currency of Monsu. The commune pays a 10% value-added tax (traditional tithe) through the local branch of the komisiMonsu banka."

Marx's note in the margins: Wonderful! I have solved the main nightmare of the Komisia (the Icarian government). The individual, cut off from the collective in a capitalist foreign land, inevitably turns into a bourgeois, decomposed by wage labor.

[Excerpt from: The Northern Pacific Infrastructure Gazette, Íkar, August 1867]
"...From the memoirs of a master lumberjack of the 4th northern commune of the province of Tirama. On the labor replacement crisis during the railway boom:
"The commune (25 thousand inhabitants) existed thanks to the harvesting of spruce and fir, fishing, growing vegetables and maintaining a horse road with stone gutters to the port of Tirama. The crisis came when the completed Angara-Lena Railway flooded the market with cheaper Siberian larch, and the horse road through the Central Ridge was eliminated for the railway. The commune faced the threat of zero monsu inflow and forced dissolution. To avoid bankruptcy, the Council-Cabildo entered into railway contracts. We repurposed workshops for the chemical impregnation of sleepers with creosote from local resin. A large part of the men, as well as our young men and women, whom the commune had begged the komisiJu  to serve their term in the Labor Army here, were developing quarries for the extraction of stone and rubble. The cashier of the komisiMonsu once again recorded the influx of money - in this way the patriarchs preserved the prestige of the commune.

Marx's marginal note: Elasticity of labor. (Sehr wichtig!). This passage shows how Icarian state capitalism overcomes the industrial crises that in England produce unemployment and slums.

FROM THE NOTES OF ENGINEER HEINRICH SCHNITTKE (Preserved in the archival extracts of K. Marx; London, Pamphlet Section of the British Museum)
"...Bratsky Ostrog, November 12, 1866.
Yesterday evening I was invited to a family dinner of the family of a metallurgist from the Balniwian commune of Haliu (Steel), who supplies structures for my bridge over the Angara River. The dinner took place in the large hall of their typical Ikarian house. The atmosphere was extremely lively, even cheerful. No gloomy religiosity or fear of the authorities. Everyone was laughing, discussing the delivery of steel trusses, the excavation of soil with steam excavators, and joking.

Part of the family sat motionless at a long oak table. This was the culprit of the celebration: the youngest son of the head of the family, who had served three years in the Labor Army, but had already arrived at our construction site as a platoon commander. Also sitting was the patriarch himself, named Toru, his older sons, engineers with diplomas from their Laputan Academy, and me, as an honored guest.

The food - wonderful, hearty venison with porridge and vegetables - was brought to us from the kitchen by other members of this huge family of thirty souls. I knew that these products had been obtained the day before from the joint-stock company store for equal workday coupons for the entire family, without any privileges for the elders. And yet those who cooked and carried did not sit at this table. Among those who were constantly moving between the kitchen and the hall, I noticed elderly women (as I was told, they were already over 50 and were on leave due to age), several teenagers and young women. They performed the function of servants, although officially there are no servants in Balniwia. A young woman with a child of about four, and a fifteen-year-old teenager were in charge in the kitchen and at the distribution. The woman in a calm voice indicated to the women, who were several decades older than her, which plate to carry first, while the teenager strictly checked the order. As one of Thor's sons explained to me in a whisper, this young mother was temporarily, until the child reached the age of 5, exempted from managerial work in the commune. I left that dinner with a strange feeling. This society eliminated barons and capitalists, but it locked man inside a family mechanism, where your role—whether you sit at the table or deliver food under the supervision of a teenager—is determined by the balance of your age, gender, and usefulness to the clan..."

FROM THE LONDON NOTEBOOKS OF KARL MARX: THE THREE-TIERED EXTRACTION (1868–1869)
"The fact that in the communes of Balniwia the paid part of the labor is rationally satisfactory, equal for all members of the commune and the worker simply physiologically does not need more than he receives does not change the fact that the commune, and above all the state capitalist, is left with the unpaid part of the worker's labor, and this surplus value is capitalist profit.

Surplus Labor Time still remains unpaid. This surplus value is extracted first at the commune level (which takes the surplus) and then at the state level (through the "living tax" of the Labor Army and the 10% VAT), which allows the state capitalist to build light metros and finance transoceanic cable networks.

This surplus value is extracted by means of the triple exploitative pump (Die dreifache Ausbeutung):

The first stage (Patriarchal): the head of a large family in a spacious typical house in the taiga uses the labor of women, adolescents and "side branches of the family" for free to service the engineers at home, minimizing the cost of maintaining the workforce.

The second stage (Communal): The council-cabildo and the alcaldes of the commune of Haliu issue the workers equal receipts for the hours worked and equal amounts in monsu for exports, but take away the entire gigantic surplus from the steel rolling, accumulating it in the accounts of the commune. The worker is physiologically satisfied with his house, a generous supply on the receipts, but his 8-hour working day contains additional time, which is converted into pure capitalist profit for the commune.

The third stage (State): the representatives of the commissariats skim the cream: 10% of the tithe (VAT), which has been adopted since the times of the Jesuits, and the "living tax" – free three-year labor of trained youth in the Labor Armies of the Commissariat, who deliver steel structures for free across half of Siberia.

This proud people remember their origins from pre-Jesuit times (some ancestors were warriors, some were barons of the Untu monarchy, some were revolutionary figures) and work on meritocratic pride. The leaders of the communes are panicky afraid of bankruptcy in the competition for prestige with their patriarchs and neighbors, so they squeeze the maximum out of technology. Capital in Balniwia has acquired the paper form of a mons, but it sucks the surplus labor force out of the clan structure with an efficiency unknown to any Manchester manufacturer."

[Draft letter from K. Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel, October 1869]
"... Rumors have reached me that during the Eisenach Congress the Lassalleans and reformist fools openly raised the "Balnivian model" as their shield. Vogt and Gazenklewer shout at rallies in Leipzig that the state capitalism of Balnivian is "socialism in action" and entice the German proletarians with hearty rations, currency bonuses and protection from dismissal. And they refuse to see my criticism of the mechanism of Die dreifache Ausbeutung (triple exploitation: patriarchal, intra-communal and state), which has historically developed in the Pacific state and which is undoubtedly impossible in Germany. In fact, they are advocating among the workers the creation of gigantic state monopolies, where the Prussian state will be the owner. This will not be the liberation of the proletariat, but its voluntary imprisonment in state fetters! Thus the opportunists have reached the point of open betrayal of the working class of the lowest kind!"

October 20, 1870 — the railway lines extending towards each other from the Beregova wharf on Lake Baikal and from Priargunsk on the Argun River were joined.

[Rusiok]

December 24, 1870 — reprinted from the 'Tirama Province Evening Gazette': "Last night, more than four thousand residents gathered in our central assembly hall. The main event was a performance by local actors of the fifth act of the national drama 'Telegra Skenai'; the script had been transmitted via wire from the capital, Ikara, just six hours before the show began. Adhering to the conventions of telegraphic drama, the authors cut off the day's installment at the most unexpected, pivotal moment—precisely when the patriarch raised the family chronicle to strike out his engineer son's name. The audience had been eagerly discussing the plot lines even before the performance started, and a great commotion erupted in the hall after the final curtain fell. Women of the community argued in the square, putting forward dozens of theories about how the story would unfold tomorrow. Such daily suspense completely captivates the Community."

May 22, 1871 — the Balniwian humanitarian expedition arrived at the Philippine islands of Camiguin and Mindanao. Thousands of tons of supplies—including food, garments made of sturdy, indigo-dyed fabric featuring double stitching and bronze eyelets, as well as hardened axes, pickaxes, saws, window glass, cauldrons, and coniferous balsams—were distributed to 16,000 refugees from the town of Catarman. The town had been completely destroyed and inundated by lava flows erupting from a new dome on the slopes of the Hibok-Hibok volcano. In the years that followed, these goods spread throughout the archipelago, establishing the reputation for high quality associated with Balniwian products.